RELI 160D2 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Jesus’ life continuedII. Divisions of ChristianityIII. Martin LutherOutline of Current Lecture I. ProtestsII. Pope Leo XIII. John CalvinIV. Similarities & Differences of Calvin and LutherCurrent LectureTillich: through faith God accepts you.ProtestsVs Tetzel - October 31, 1517. He writes 95 theses opposing indulgences. He became an overnight sensation with these theses. Now all of Germany knows what he’s done, and they agree with him. Begins the reformation.Debates Von Eck & Cajetan - 1518-20 - Rome sends these theologians. Impact on Luther’s thinking.Reformation Essays - 1520-3• “Babylonian Captivity of the Church” - There are only 2 sacraments, not 7. • “An Appeal to the German Ability” - Wanted a universal church council, but didn’t work.• “On the Freedom of a Christian” - Justifications on faith (?).Pope Leo X - June 15, 1520 - “Exsurge Domine” - Told luther to retract 41 of his teachings. Giventwo months to do so, but he doesn’t retract anything. In December 1520, Luther took that letterfrom the Pope and burned it in front of the town. Took rules of catholic church & threw those in, too. Word gets to Rome, he gets kicked out of Roman church. He arranged a fake kidnapping,Luther was “kidnapped” and taken to the Wartburg Castle, the Prince’s castle. New testament into German.Returns to Wittenberg, where all of this began. 1522. Felt it was safe. For the rest of his life he was stabilizing teachings of the Lutheran church.Writes hymns, 1523. “Mighty Fortress is our God”Marries Katherine Von Bora, 1525. She was a former nun. Everything he was doing, 55 volumes, each really thick...while having SIX children, and adopted 4 others.2 Catechisms,, 1529. First is “The Little Catechism”. Short questions & short answers, for people that can barely read. Prayers, etc. The second was “The Greater Catechism” - same questions but much longer answers. Diet of Speyer, 1529. Augsburg Confession, 1530. Contains basic teachings of the Lutheran church. Still important today.Schmalkaldic League, 1531. Said that if you attack our principalities, we will all come together &counterattack you. Old Testament into German, 1534.1543, Writes against:• Jews• Catholics• MuslimsLuther dies, 1546. Great preacher & leader. Luther & Calvin are the co-founders of the reformation.John Calvin• Studied at University of Paris with a masters in art, and a doctorate in law.• Wound up in Geneva & met up with pasture William Farel, then he joins the reform church.• Institutes of the Christian Religion - his primary work, and it’s a summary of the basic Christian teachings. Calvin’s writings are systematic, unlike Luther’s. Luther’s were topical; he was answering questions.◦ 1536 - 1st edition◦ 1541 - 2nd◦ 1559 - 3rd• He was head of a theocracy.• 1538 he was banished from the city. He marries a widow, who helps change his personality, softens him. Luther & Calvin Differences/similaritiesDifferences• Church of state. Luther wanted separation of church and state. Calvin said church & state are one, but church is superior to state. Luther liked 4-part harmony. Calvin liked plainchant, he didn’t want it to lead to pride.• Lord’s Supper. Luther said Jesus becomes really present. Calvin said the supper is just a symbol, Jesus is in heaven, and it’s just a symbolic relationship. Luther said it’s like husband and wife.• Concept of God. Both believe in God of abraham, but for Calvin, God is powerful and is the ultimate judge. For Luther, God is merciful. • Predestination. For Calvin, he teaches double predestination. From all eternity, some are bound to heaven & some are bound to hell, is it already determined. Luther said what about free will...? He believed God only knows so he can’t interpret it.Similarities• Faith alone• Grace alone• Bible alone• No pope• Ministers can marry• Infant baptism• 2 sacraments◦ baptism◦ Lords supper▪ Eucharist▪