POLS 1101 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideMaterial from Test One: Lectures: 1-7, Chapters 1-4- Collective Dilemmas: o Collective Action Problems: a situation in which many people would be better off if they all cooperated; however, any individual has incentive to not cooperate as long as the others are. (large scale prisoner's dilemma, FREE RIDING OCCURS aka free-rider problem)o Prisoner’s Dilemma Situation: An interaction between two strategic actors in which neither actor has an incentive to cooperate even though both would be better off if they both did.o Coordination Problem: A situation in which a group of people want to coordinate, but there are many possible ways to coordinate and people disagree over what's best.o Tragedy of Commons: acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, behave contrary to the whole group's long-term best interestsby depleting some common resource- Coalitions: Collective agreements o Unstable Coalition: an instance in which any voting coalition in favor of an alternative can be divided by consideration of another alternative.- Institutions: formal constraints on behavior.- Can be large and complex or a rule within a larger institution- Institutions help solve collective dilemmaso Institutional design affects distribution of benefits in societyo Can be unfair: large vs. small states- Constitutional Convention: meeting to consider changes to the AOCo Constitution accomplished: “rule of law,” basic policy making, outline responsibilities of government institutions, & determines who can serve in government positionso Articles of Confederation (AOC)- Congress had powers, but no means of enforcement- First U.S. governing document, ratified in 1781- Each state had one vote in congress- Set up a weak central government with a congress who could not compel states to pay their share of debt/taxes (FREE-RIDER PROBLEM)o Virginia plan- Based on Population- Advantage of large states over small states, stronger national government- Established Bicameral Legislature: a legislature with two houses or chambers- Federal Government is Bicameral, all states are except Nebraska o NJ plan- Based on equal representation by states.- Plural executive: multiple members are executive by committeeo Connecticut Compromise- Also enacted Bicameral Legislature- Slaves count as 3/5- Equal states representation in Senate: 2 senators- Unitary executive: Senators elected by state legislatureo Three Major Cleavages of the Convention:1. Strength of National Government2. Representation in the Legislature3. Slavery- Features of the Constitution and Powers Enlisted:o Federal Supremacy: federal laws trump state lawso Elastic Clause- Necessary and proper clause, stating congress can make whatever laws are necessary to carry out powers.o Expressed Powers- Article 1, Section 8 = Congress- How to Amend the Constitution:o 2/3 of each legislative chamber, plus 3/4 of state legislatureso 2/3 of state legislatures can call for convention; proposed amendments need 3/4 of state legislatures- Framer Concerns:o Anti-Federalists: reject ratification of Constitutiono Federalist Papers: Outlined what the constitution was meant to accomplish- Wrote by James Madison- Federalist #10: Checks and Balances would constrain government, it is a powerful forceo Ratification (1788): Nine small states ratified the constitution, but the big states still hadn’t ratified it yet.- Virginia and New York were big states in doubt; both ratified summer of 1788… This is why the federalist papers were writteno Bill of Rights: First ten amendments which protects the individuals rightso Examples of a living constitution:- Slavery Abolished (13th Amendment)- National power has grown at expenses of state power- More offices directly elected (President & Senators)- Increase in citizen rights/liberties- Systems of Governmento Federalism: system of shared powers between two or more levels of government- Example: United States under the Constitution of 1789- Dual Federalism: national and state governments have separate spheres of power… What one does, the other does not do (LAYERED CAKE MODEL- US SYSTEM)- Cooperative Federalism: national and state government have shared spheres of power… they both call the same shots (MARBLED CAKE MODEL)- Intergovernmentalism: mixture of dual and cooperative federalism, shared spheres in particular policy areas… Best Model!! - Limit of Federalism: Court interpretation has changed over timeo Federations: Normally have a lot of land mass… - Example: Switzerland.o Confederation: System of shared powers between two or more levels of government- Most decentralized… Not a lot of them. Another example is the European Union.- Example: Article of Confederationo Unitary System: All power is centralized with the national government- Example: United Kingdom & Parliament o State Governments: Similar to federal government, except Nebraskao Local Governments: More variation than state governments- Mayor has considerable power- Council-Manager= small to medium cities- Commissioners are declining in number due to collective action problems- Federalism as Response to Collective Dilemmas: Increased federal authority can help solve collective dilemmaso Prisoner’s dilemma: Prevent states/units from going to war with each other o Collective action problem: Protect states/units from outside aggression- Can provide a common national defenseo Free rider problem: Set national standards for labor and environmental laws - States face individual incentives and would ideally like to be laxed in terms of labor laws and environmental laws (so cost of business is lower, which will bring in money) - Air Polluters in GA can cause a free-rider problem… **Solution: In 1970 acts for federal clean air act passed, so you don’t see this pattern after 1970-1980ish. - Federalism and Competitiono Experimentation in states can produce evidence for new, effective policieso Competition for industry can reduce tax base- End up relaxing regulations to where wages for workers aren’t as high as theyshould be, etc..- National Boundary: Minimum Wageo Liberal/Conservations have solutions, but the federal government hasn’t really adopted a solution to certain things… - Arizona has adopted a harsh line on immigration- Federal Influence on State Spendingo Grants-in-Aid: Most general funding & general programs (e.g., infrastructure)o Categorical Grants: have more