POLS 1101 Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. What do constitutions accomplish?II. Articles of Confederation (AOC)III. Origins of American SystemIV. Constitutional Convention (1787)A. Virginia PlanB. New Jersey PlanC. SlaveryD. Three major cleavagesV. Connecticut CompromiseVI. Features of ConstitutionVII. Constitutional PowersA. Separation of PowersB. Federal SupremacyVIII. Amending the ConstitutionOutline of Current Lecture I. Everyone is puzzledII. Ratification debateA. FederalistsB. Anti-FederalistsC. Federalist PapersIII. RatificationIV. Bill of RightsV. “Living Constitution”VI. Consequences of ConstitutionVII. Revisiting the Puzzles…Current Lecture: Concerns of the FramersI. Everyone is puzzled- How did the Founders manage to enact a strong, central government despite distrust of strong governments?- Did the Constitution strike a proper balance between governability and liberty?II. Ratification DebateA. Federalists- Federalist Papers: wanted to ratify the constitution, defended the constitutionB. Anti-federalist: wanted to reject to ratification of the constitution- “Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican” (might have been Richard Henry Lee)- They thought the new federal government was going to be too strong- Wanted to be considered federalist, but didn’t want the constitution to be ratifiedC. Federalist Papers: Outlined what the constitution was intended to do- Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay (#10 & #51)- Written under the pen name: Publius- Outlined arguments that institutions were necessary to solve collective dilemmas that were not solved by the articles of confederation - Federalist #10: Checks and balances would constrain government, it is a powerful forceIII. Ratification (1788)- New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the constitution- Nine small states ratified the constitution, but the big states still hadn’t ratified it yet.- Virginia and New York were big states in doubt; both ratified summer of 1788… This is why the federalist papers were written- The city of New York passed a resolution saying they were on board for the constitution- If the state of New York does not ratify the constitution, then the city of New York is succeeding from the state of New York. - Congress and President Washington took office on April 30, 1789IV. Bill of Rights- Some people didn’t think they needed them, but everyone eventually cameto the conclusion that they did… amending would come later- First ten amendments which protects the individuals rights- Provides protections for free speech, right to counsel, and those charged with crimes- Should be call the bill of liberties… learn why laterV. “Living Constitution”- Constitution is short and vague… Times change, we adapt (i.e. air force)- Meaning has changed with amendments, new laws, and court rulings- 27 amendments- Presidential authority has grown, especially in foreign policyA. Examples:- Slavery Abolished (13th Amendment)- National power has grown at expenses of state power- More offices directly elected (President & Senators)- Increase in citizen rights/libertiesVI. Consequences of Constitution- Presidential systems are more fragile because countries that have a presidential system are more than twice as likely to experience a coo - American democracy has been remarkably stable- Constitution has stood for more than 200 years- Country has been successful, but not perfect…- Legacy of slavery- Civil War- Partisan conflict, many people worry that it makes it difficult for the system to be sustainable as the document is writtenVII. Revisiting the Puzzles…A. How did the Founders manage to enact a strong, central government despite distrust of strong governments?o The AOC were simply not the best. A weak government could not solve collective dilemmas… They needed a strong government to survive.B. Did the Constitution strike a proper balance between governability and liberty?o For many, a government that could not govern was worse than a strong