POLS 1101 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Common Collective DilemmasA. Prisoner’s DilemmaB. A Political Campaign Prisoner’s Dilemmaa. Questions and The Thinking Process of a Candidateb. What Actually HappensC. Large Scale Prisoner’s Dilemmaa. Free-Rider Problemb. Solution to Free-Rider ProblemD. Special Case: The Tragedy of CommonsE. Coordination Problems**ExamplesII. CoalitionsA. Unstable Coalitions**ExampleB. Principal-Agent ProblemsIII. Institutionsa. How do you solve collective dilemmas?**ExamplesOutline of Current Lecture I. What do constitutions accomplish?II. Articles of Confederation (AOC)III. Origins of American SystemIV. Constitutional Convention (1787)A. Virginia PlanB. New Jersey PlanC. SlaveryD. Three major cleavagesV. Connecticut CompromiseVI. Features of ConstitutionVII. Constitutional PowersA. Separation of PowersB. Federal SupremacyVIII. Amending the ConstitutionCurrent Lecture: Features of the ConstitutionI. What do constitutions accomplish?1. Establish “rule of law” in a society2. Provide basics of policy making- How law is make and by whom3. Outline responsibilities of government institutions4. Determine who can serve in government positionsII. Articles of Confederation (AOC)- First U.S. governing document, ratified in 1781- Each state had one vote in congress- Congress had powers, but no means of enforcement- Required unanimous consent to amendIII. Origins of American System- Articles of Confederations set up a weak national government- Could not compel states to pay their share of debt/taxes (FREE-RIDER PROBLEM)- Government had no real budget during this time!- Articles lacked effective means of coordination and preventing free-ridingo Failure led to convention of 1787IV. Constitutional Convention- Met in Philadelphia in 1787 to consider amendments to AOC- Quickly decided to scrap the AOC and write a new document… most people not to happy about this because they came to fix problems and change the old document- Founders wrestled with how to combine strong national government with protections of individual liberty.A. Virginia Plan made by James Madison- Set up strong legislature apportioned by population- Bicameral legislature with upper chamber elected by lower chamber.. based on population- Proposal gave advantage to large states at expense of small statesB. New Jersey Plan- Small states hated the Virginia plan and didn’t want to get screwed- Made provisions to AOC- Plural executive: multiple members are executive by committeeEXAMPLE: Switzerland - Legislature based of EQUAL representation by statesC. Slavery  Civil War- Major issue at constitutional convention- Northern states that favored abolition feared that southern states would refuse to sign if slavery were banned/restricted- Compromises allowed convention to succeed, but set country on path to the CivilWarD. Three Major Cleavages of convention1. Strength of National Government2. Representation in the Legislature3. SlaveryV. Connecticut compromise: about the best they could do at the time seeing that AOC were status quo at the time- Bicameral Legislature- House representation based on population** Slaves count as 3/5- Equal states representation in Senate: 2 senators**Senators elected by state legislature- Unitary executive… Powers delegated evenly between upper/lower houseVI. Features of Constitution: Three branches of government that are separate but non-subordinate branchesa. President is head of executive branch- Elected by electoral college for 4-year term b. Bicameral legislationc. Independent Judicial branch- Justices serve life after presidential nomination and Senate confirmationVII. Constitutional Powersa. Expressed powers specifically described in the Constitution- Article I, Section 8, lists powers of Congressb. Elastic clause is more vague- Allows Congress to pass all laws that are “necessary and proper” to carryout enumerated powersA. Separation of PowersFederal power divided between three branches of government.Overlapping powers lead to checks and balances between branches.B. Federal Supremacya. Supremacy clause of the Constitution states that federal laws trump state and local laws- Major concession by opponents of strong national governmentb. States do have explicit protections and reserved powersVIII. Amending the Constitution- More flexible process than under AOC- 2/3 of each legislative chamber, plus 3/4 of state legislatures- 2/3 of state legislatures can call for convention; proposed amendments need 3/4 of statelegislatures**ASSIGNMENTS: For Thursday: Read Kollman, pages