POLS 1101Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 9)Common Collective Dilemmas, Coalitions, & InstitutionsI. Common Collective DilemmasA. Prisoner’s Dilemma: Strategic interaction where each actor is better off with cooperation, but each is incentivized to not cooperateo Prisoners are put in separate rooms so that there is no cooperation and offered deals to rat out the othero They pretty much always implicate, squealo If they would’ve stayed quiet, they would’ve had less/easier charges and had been better offB. A political campaign prisoner’s dilemma: Spend extra money campaigning and win ordon’t and loose… or come up with a gentleman’s agreement. C. Large Scale Prisoner’s Dilemma: Public vs. private goodsD. FREE RIDER PROBLEM! **EVERYONE WANTS THE BENEFITS THAT THE GOVERNMENT MIGHT PROVIDE.. **LEADS TO PEOPLE THINKING THAT IT DOESN’T MATTER WHETHER ONE INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTES OR NOT…..WHICH LEADS TO NOBODY PAYS AND WE ALL CRASH & HAVE NOTHING.a. Solution to free rider problem:o Effective enforcement is required to solve problem: o Change the rules of the game: Make it where if you don’t comply you have serious punishment E. Special case: the Tragedy of the CommonsF. Coordination Problem: Groups want to act in common, but cannot agree on solution… **Example - Where to meet for lunch?II. Coalitions : collective agreements A. Unstable Coalitions: Collective agreements can be undermined in the face of competition. **Example = A big amount of money to be disbursed between a bunch of people.B. Principle – Agent Problemsa. Principals hire agents to do some task for them- Examples:1. Car Mechanic Wants to do the minimum amount of work2. Doctor for the least amount of money..III. Institutions: formal constraints on behavior **Example: The MafiaIV. How do you solve collective dilemmas?? INSTITUTIONS!Lecture 2 (January 14)Features of the ConstitutionI. What do constitutions accomplish?- “rule of law,” basic policy making, outline responsibilities of government institutions, & determines who can serve in government positionsII. Articles of Confederation (AOC): Congress had powers, but no means of enforcement- First U.S. governing document, ratified in 1781- Each state had one vote in congressIII. Origins of American System- Articles of Confederations set up a weak national government- Could not compel states to pay their share of debt/taxes (FREE-RIDER PROBLEM)- Articles lacked effective means of coordination and preventing free-ridingIV. Constitutional Convention: Meeting to consider amendments to AOC- Quickly decided to scrap the AOC and write a new document… A. Virginia Plan  Bicameral legislature with upper chamber elected by lower chamber.. based on population- Proposal gave advantage to large states at expense of small statesB. New Jersey Plan: Legislature based of EQUAL representation by states- Plural executive: multiple members are executive by committeeV. Three Major Cleavages of convention1. Strength of National Government2. Representation in the Legislature3. SlaveryVI. Connecticut compromise: Bicameral Legislature where the HOR is based on population** Slaves count as 3/5- Equal states representation in Senate: 2 senators**Senators elected by state legislature: Unitary executiveVII. Features of Constitution: Three branches of government that are separate but non-subordinate branchesVIII. Constitutional Powerso Expressed powers specifically described in the Constitution- Article I, Section 8, lists powers of Congresso Elastic clause is more vague- Allows Congress to pass all laws that are “necessary and proper” to carryout enumerated powersA. Federal Supremacy: federal laws trump state and local lawsIX. Amending the Constitution is More flexible process than under AOC- 2/3 of each legislative chamber, plus 3/4 of state legislatures- 2/3 of state legislatures can call for convention; proposed amendments need 3/4 of statelegislaturesLecture 3 (January 16)Concerns of the FramersA. Anti-federalist: wanted to reject the ratification of the constitution- “Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican” (might have been Richard Henry Lee)B. Federalist Papers: Outlined what the constitution was intended to do- Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay (#10 & #51)- Written under the pen name: Publius- Outlined arguments that institutions were necessary to solve collective dilemmas that were not solved by the articles of confederation - Federalist #10: Checks and balances would constrain government, it is a powerful forceC. Ratification (1788): Nine small states ratified the constitution, but the big states still hadn’t ratified it yet.- Virginia and New York were big states in doubt; both ratified summer of 1788… This is why the federalist papers were writtenD. Bill of Rights: First ten amendments which protects the individuals rightsE. Examples of a living constitution:- Slavery Abolished (13th Amendment)- National power has grown at expenses of state power- More offices directly elected (President & Senators)- Increase in citizen rights/libertiesI. Consequences of Constitution- Constitution has stood for more than 200 years- Country has been successful, but not perfect…(Legacy of slavery, civil war, & partisan conflict)Lecture 4 (January 21)Concepts of Federalism and the Federal System’s Evolution- Federalism is a system of shared powers between two or more levels of government- Confederation: System of shared powers between two or more levels of governmentExample: United States under Articles of Confederation- Unitary System: All power is centralized with the national governmentExample: United Kingdom: Parliament - Federations: Normally have a lot of land mass… Another example is Switzerland.- Confederation: Most decentralized… Not a lot of them. Another example is the European Union.1. Dynamics of FederalismA. Dual Federalism: national and state governments have separate spheres of power… What one does, the other does not do (LAYERED CAKE MODEL)B. Cooperative Federalism: national and state government have shared spheres of power… they both call the same shots (MARBLED CAKE MODEL)C. Intergovernmentalism: mixture of dual and cooperative federalism, shared spheres in particular policy areas… Best Model!! D. Limit of Federalism- Court interpretation has changed over timeI. State Governments: Most are similar to federal government- Bicameral: Except NebraskaII. Local