POLS 1101 Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Federal BureaucracyII. Saturday Night MassacreIII. Private Sector Competition: A Prisoner’s DilemmaIV. Development of the Executive Bureaucracy A. Growth in SizeB. Total Executive-Branch Employment C. Spoils SystemD. Civil ServiceE. Modern ReformsOutline of Current Lecture I. PuzzleII. Principals and Agents in the Executive BureaucracyIII. DrifIV. Bureaucratic Drif and Coalitional DrifV. Bureaucratic CaptureVI. Motivations of BureaucratsVII. Bureaucrats as LawmakersVIII. Political Influences on the BureaucracyA. OversightB. Interest GroupsIX. Iron TriangleX. In Comparison: Bureaucratic TraditionsXI. Revisiting the PuzzleCurrent Lecture: I. Puzzle- Who holds the bureaucracy accountable?- Can bureaucrats defy Congress and the president?II. Principals and Agents in the Executive Bureaucracy- Elected officials (Congress and the president) are principals; bureaucrats are agents- Two primary principal-agent problems in bureaucracy:a. Agencies tend to drif from their defined missionsb. Conflicting motivations of bureaucrats and elected officialsIII. Drif- Bureaucratic drif occurs when the agents depart from the mandates given to them by the principals- Coalitional drif occurs when principals change their policy preferencesa. Agents adjust, but ofen not immediatelyIV. Bureaucratic Drif and Coalitional DrifV. Bureaucratic Capture- Agencies can also be influenced by organizations/corporations- Ofen these are the very industries they are trying to regulate- Agencies may care more about the industries than the principals they work forVI. Motivations of Bureaucrats- Bureaucrats want autonomy and resources: They want everyone to have the same policy preferences- Build coalitions to help bring about policy change: Congress just says yeah, clean air, awesome… let’s do it- Possess information and expertise: Bureaucrats decided how to achieve this.VII. Bureaucrats as Lawmakers- Administrative law is made within the executive bureaucracy- Chevron v. National Resources Defense Council (1984)a. Established legal standard for upholding an agency’s authority to write law in a specific areaVIII. Political Influences on the Bureaucracy- Presidents appoint the top positions at almost all executive branch agenciesa. More difficult to get appointments through under divided government- Congress appropriates money for the bureaucracyA. Oversight- Fire-alarm oversight a. Administrative Procedures Act established guidelinesb. Freedom of Information Act requires disclosure of informationc. Sunshine Act requires open meetings- Police-patrol oversighta. Congress routinely inspects agenciesB. Interest Groups- Interest groups lobby agenciesa. Influence those writing administrative lawsb. Complain when their interests are threatened- The iron trianglea. Includes interest groups, congressional committees, and bureaucratic agenciesIX. Iron TriangleX. In Comparison: Bureaucratic Traditions- Political power of the bureaucracy varies across countries- In parliamentary democracies agencies are only responsible to parliamenta. Need to replace bureaucrats if the current government fallsXI. Revisiting the Puzzle- Whom should the bureaucracy be accountable to in a modern democracy?- Trade-off between loyalty and competencea. Should be loyal to elected officials and votersb. Should be competent and