POLS 1101 Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Determining Group PowerII. Access to Members of CongressIII. Inside and Outside LobbyingIV. Major Laws on LobbyingV. Campaign FinancingVI. Campaign Contributions: A Prisoner’s DilemmaVII. In Comparison: Interest GroupsVIII. Organized Forms of Public PressureOutline of Current Lecture I. What are Parties?II. Party in GovernmentIII. Party as OrganizationsIV. Party in the ElectorateV. First Party System: 1796-1824VI. Second Party System: 1832-1860VII. Third Party System: 1860-1896VIII. Fourth Party System: 1896-1932IX. Fifth Party System: 1932-1980X. Sixth Party System: 1980-presentCurrent Lecture: Party SystemsI. What are Parties?- Parties are groups who organize to win offices- Want their candidates to win…- Parties are ubiquitous in democracies with strong legislatures- Parties organize political conflict- There are a lot of relative social groups that may have different interests and effectively all of those groups have had to side with one group or the other… Urban v. Rural, Wealthy v. Poor, Divisions in terms of Religion…- Parties are complex political organizations- National, state, county, municipal level- Candidates, elected officials, governing end- Ordinary folk who affiliate with the party… etc.II. Party in Government- In most democracies, parties run the national government- In Party and Out Party…- As of Now it is split- Democrats: Executive and Senate, Republicans: House- Legislation coalitions are often not stable in the absence of partiesa. Policy cycles without parties- Parties prevent cycling by agreeing to work together on legislationIII. Party as Organizations- Parties as organizations work to elect candidates a. Candidate selection through organized primaries and caucuseso Make sure your candidates get elected!!b. Fundraising innovations for this: 1990s: started to send outc. Mobilization of voters bulk mail to people who voted in repub. primariesIV. Party in the Electorate- Both Democrats and Republicans have millions of followers who claim to be party membersa. Stable, psychological attachment to a party: part of your identity b. Information shortcut for votersc. “Running Tally” of party leader performance- Party is a powerful voting cue: especially straight ticket votingV. First Party System: 1796-1824- Federalists (strong national government, Britain) vs. Democratic-Republicans (states’ rights, France)2004: Internet played huge role in fundraising - HOWARD DEAN (RNC)2008: Obama took it to Facebook to target early voting- Federalists fall away due to lack of voter mobilization as the population increasedVI. Second Party System: 1832-1860- Whigs emerge in 1830s to compete with Democratic-Republicans- Split in Democratic-Republican party- Nationwide mobilization developed by Democratic-Republicans- Ends in 1860, Whigs collapse due to division over slaveryVII. Third Party System: 1860-1896- Republicans emerge under Abraham Lincoln- Democrats survive Civil War and emerge with strong Southern base- Republicans control Northeast and Midwest- Machine politics developsVIII. Fourth Party System: 1896-1932- 1896 election decisive victory for McKinley and Republicans- Republicans dominate national politics in decades following 1896- Progressive party emerges as the strongest “minor” party in historyIX. Fifth Party System: 1932-1980- New Deal party system emerges with Democrats and Franklin D. Roosevelt- United large, disparate groups of voters under Democratic label- Dominate for many decades, frays as Southern whites move to Republican party X. Sixth Party System: 1980-present- South has switched to Republican- Urban areas and coasts Democratic- Strengthening of national parties- Parties have increasing polarization on major issues of the