POLS 1101 Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Everyone is puzzledII. Ratification debateA. FederalistsB. Anti-FederalistsC. Federalist PapersIII. RatificationIV. Bill of RightsV. “Living Constitution”VI. Consequences of ConstitutionVII. Revisiting the Puzzles…Outline of Current Lecture I. What is Federalism?II. ContrastA. ConfederationB. Unitary SystemIII. Centralization of Political ControlIV. Dynamics of FederalismA. Dual FederalismB. Cooperative FederalismC. IntergovernmentalismV. Responsibilities of the GovernmentVI. Limits of FederalismVII. State GovernmentsVIII. Local GovernmentsCurrent Lecture: Concepts of Federalism and the Federal System’s EvolutionI. What is Federalism?- Federalism is a system of shared powers between two or more levels of government- Lower level of government enjoys their constitutional protection from national government- The States are protected from the National Government - The National government is protected from the states- National government can compel action: They can now raise revenue (TAXES), etc.A. Example: United States under the Constitution of 1789… National government collects taxes, etc.II. Contrast:A. Confederation: System of shared powers between two or more levels of government- The lower-level government retains sovereignty- National government cannot compel action: RAISE TAXESa. Example: United States under Articles of ConfederationB. Unitary System- All power is centralized with the national government- Lower-level governments (if they exist) only have powers if the central government delegatesa. Example: United Kingdom- Power centralized in London- Powers delegated to subnational parliaments in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Get powers from main power in London…III. Centralization of Political ControlFederations: Normally have a lot of land mass… Another example is Switzerland.Confederation: Most decentralized… Not a lot of them. Another example is the European Union.IV. Dynamics of FederalismA. Dual Federalism: national and state governments have separate spheres of power… What one does, the other does not do (LAYERED CAKE MODEL)B. Cooperative Federalism: national and state government have shared spheres of power… they both call the same shots (MARBLED CAKE MODEL)C. Intergovernmentalism: mixture of dual and cooperative federalism, shared spheres in particular policy areas… Best Model!! V. Responsibilities of GovernmentVI. Limits of FederalismA. The Constitution sets some clear limits- States cannot coin money or negotiate treaties- Supremacy clause holds that national laws trump state laws if in conflictB. The Constitution also creates some uncertainties - Necessary and proper clause- Commerce clause- Court interpretation has changed over time- Tenth Amendment : Powers not obligated to national government are obligated to the state governmentsVII. State Governments: Most are similar to federal government- Bicameral: Except Nebraska- Gubernatorial powers vary by state- Professionalization of legislatures varies by state- Key distinction is presence of direct democracy—initiative, voting, recallVIII. Local Governments: Normally have more variation than state governments- Mayor has considerable power- Council-Manager= small to medium cities- Commissioners are declining in number due to collective action problems**For Thursday: Read Kollman, pg. 82-99**For Monday Discussion Sections: Read Bullock & Gaddie, Ch.