POLS 1101 Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Everyone is puzzled II Ratification debate A Federalists B Anti Federalists C Federalist Papers III Ratification IV Bill of Rights V Living Constitution VI Consequences of Constitution VII Revisiting the Puzzles Outline of Current Lecture I What is Federalism II Contrast A Confederation B Unitary System III Centralization of Political Control IV Dynamics of Federalism A Dual Federalism B Cooperative Federalism C Intergovernmentalism V Responsibilities of the Government VI Limits of Federalism VII State Governments VIII Local Governments Current Lecture Concepts of Federalism and the Federal System s Evolution I II III What is Federalism Federalism is a system of shared powers between two or more levels of government Lower level of government enjoys their constitutional protection from national government The States are protected from the National Government The National government is protected from the states National government can compel action They can now raise revenue TAXES etc A Example United States under the Constitution of 1789 National government collects taxes etc Contrast A Confederation System of shared powers between two or more levels of government The lower level government retains sovereignty National government cannot compel action RAISE TAXES a Example United States under Articles of Confederation B Unitary System All power is centralized with the national government Lower level governments if they exist only have powers if the central government delegates a Example United Kingdom Power centralized in London Powers delegated to subnational parliaments in Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales Get powers from main power in London Centralization of Political Control IV V VI Federations Normally have a lot of land mass Another example is Switzerland Confederation Most decentralized Not a lot of them Another example is the European Union Dynamics of Federalism A Dual Federalism national and state governments have separate spheres of power What one does the other does not do LAYERED CAKE MODEL B Cooperative Federalism national and state government have shared spheres of power they both call the same shots MARBLED CAKE MODEL C Intergovernmentalism mixture of dual and cooperative federalism shared spheres in particular policy areas Best Model Responsibilities of Government Limits of Federalism A The Constitution sets some clear limits States cannot coin money or negotiate treaties Supremacy clause holds that national laws trump state laws if in conflict VII VIII B The Constitution also creates some uncertainties Necessary and proper clause Commerce clause Court interpretation has changed over time Tenth Amendment Powers not obligated to national government are obligated to the state governments State Governments Most are similar to federal government Bicameral Except Nebraska Gubernatorial powers vary by state Professionalization of legislatures varies by state Key distinction is presence of direct democracy initiative voting recall Local Governments Normally have more variation than state governments Mayor has considerable power Council Manager small to medium cities Commissioners are declining in number due to collective action problems For Thursday Read Kollman pg 82 99 For Monday Discussion Sections Read Bullock Gaddie Ch 8