BIOL 2013 Exam 4 Slides Immunology Figure 16 1 page 452 Overview of the body s defenses Innate immunity defenses that are present at birth They are always present and ready to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease non specific resistance Does not have a memory response Innate Immune Responses are designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and to help eliminate those who do gain access Immunity has a more specific definition Two lines of defense 1 First line of defense 1 intact skin MOST IMPORTANT IN FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE 2 mucous membranes and their secretions when you have a respiratory infection and you are sneezing all over the place because the mucous membranes are trying to get rid of the organisms causing you to be sick normal microbiota bacteria that live in us are extremely important for us to survive tears washing action and contain chemicals that are antimicrobial KNOW THESE 4 3 2 Second Line of defense has to do with the extremely important function of phagocytosis 1 Phagocytes phagocytosis desired end result any time there is an invading microorganism such as neutrophils eosinophils dendritic cells and macrophages Inflammation Fever 2 3 4 Antimicrobial substances Figure 16 1 page 452 CONTINUED Adaptive Immunity Chapter 17 extremely specific Slower to respond than innate immunity and has a memory response Involves T cells and B cells WHAT KEEPS US ALIVE Third Line of Defense VERY SPECIFIC Hopefully the first and second lines of defense can get rid of the threat before it gets to the third line of defense Specialized lymphocytes T cells and B cells Antibodies Non Specific Resistance Innate Immunity Table 16 1 page 457 Overview of Formed elements in blood Do not memorize it Will not ask details on exam WBC key to non specific resistance and specific RBC make up majority of blood 4 5 million per immunity cubic mm WBC leukocytes Neutrophil most common WBC in the body Basophil has to do with allergies Macrophages important a lot of current research as a cell that can make chemicals to fight cancer T cells B cells where the antibodies come from T cell kills cancer cells Table 16 2 page 474 Summary of Innate Immunity Defenses First Line of Defense Physical Factors Epidermis of skin outermost layer of skin MOST IMPORTANT PART Mucous membranes Mucous traps microbes Tears wash away microbes MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION contains lysozyme which dissolves peptidoglycan Hair traps microbes Cilia resp tract Earwax Epiglottis Urine washes things out of the genitourinary tract Chemical Factors Sebum protective acidic film over the surface that inhibits microbial growth Earwax Perspiration does flush microbes from the skin Saliva Gastric Juices Inflammation Caused by microbial infection physical agents heat radiant energy electricity or sharp objects or chemical agents acids bases and gases Characterized by redness pain heat and swelling and sometimes loss of function Inflammation tries to destroy the injurious agent and remove its byproducts from the body tries to limit the effects on the body by confining the agent and tries to repair and replace damaged tissue 3 stages vessels Vasolidation and increased permeability of blood phagocyte migration and phagocytosis and tissue repair Figure 16 8 page 464 Process of Inflammation Tissue repair Ex Bacteria enters skin on knife damaging tissue Chemicals such as histamine kinins prostaglandins leukotrines and cytokines are released by damaged cells which forms a blood clot and abcess Margination phagocytes begin to stick to endothelium Diapedesis phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs A blood clot and scab forms and the tissue is repaired Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substances such as debris by the cell Way to clear away debris such as dead body cells and denatured proteins and in this sense clear away the bad pathogens Cells that perform this are phagocytes and are typically white blood cells Figure 16 7 page 461 Phases of phagocytosis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chemotaxis chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms adherence attachment of the phagocyte s plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other foreign material Opsonization coating process of the microorganism that promotes attachment of microorganisms to the phagocyte Ingestion plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism Formation of phagosome once the microorganism is surrounded the pseudopods meet and fuse surrounding the microorganism with a sac called a phagosome Hydrolytic enzymes are activated in this step Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome Digestion the contents of the phagolysosome that are brought in by ingestion are digested in the phagolysosome Formation of the residual body containing indigestible material Discharge of waste materials Figure 16 6 page 460 Macrophage engulfing rod shaped bacteria Mechanism of Killing H2O2 cytoplasm Myeloperoxidase lysosome Cl ClO hypochlorite Chronic Granulomato us Disease Genetic Disorder inability of phagocyte to make H2O2 repeated bacterial infections Mycobacterium tuberculosis lives in the phagocytic cell Fever Pyogenic response Figure 15 6 page 440 Endotoxins and the pyrogenic response 1 Macrophage ingests a gram negative bacterium 2 Bacterium is degraded into a vacuole releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophage to produce cytokines 3 4 The cytokines are released into the bloodstream by the macrophages through which they travel to the hypothalamus of the brain The cytokines induce the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins which reset the body s thermostat to a higher temp producing fever Specific Immunity Specific Immunity resistance to a specific invader body reacts against non self but not self Humoral Immunity antibodies Cellular Cell Mediated Immunity Specific Immunity Antigen foreign material that induces immune response Antigen Properties Foreign to host 1 2 Reasonably large molecule 10 000 MW Usually proteins or polysaccharides or both Specific Immunity Antibodies protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen which once formed combine with the antigen called immunoglobulins Ig Four different humors that life depends on Humoral Immunity Blood Phlegm Black bile Yellow bile Now humoral immunity is used to describe immunity brought about by antibodies Figure 17 1 page 481 Epitopes antigenic