BIOL 2013 1stEdition Lecture 8Outline of Last LectureI. Facilitated diffusion and osmosisII. SolutionsIII. Active transport and group translocationIV. EndosporesOutline of Current LectureI. EndosporesII. Unique bacterial groupsIII. Differences between archaea and bacteriaCurrent LectureI. endospores A. 2 main types of bacteria that produce endospores 1. Bacillus 2. Clostridium a) Clostridium botulinum (1) botulism (a) food in canned food (b) it produces a neurotoxin that preventsmuscle contractions (flaccid paralysis) (c) can be used in Botox (d) kids under 1 yr can’t have honeybecause honey has endospores andthere bodies cannot kill them yet Clostridium teteni(1) Tetanus (a) the endospores get into deep wounds (b) toxin prevents relaxation of muscles (lock jaw)i) tetanospasmin causes Tetanus (c) DPT vaccine: poliomyelitis diphtheria tetanus (d) to rid the endospores you need to flush thewound right away with hydrogen peroxide foroxygen flushing c) Clostridium perfringens (1) Gas gangrene (a) toxin kills cell tissue (necrosis=death oftissue) (b) organism resides in tissues with low bloodsupply like toes and fingers (c) treat with oxygenation II. unique bacterial groups A. Rickettsia 1. intracellular paraisite 2. transmitted by vectors (fleas, ticks, lice) 3. damages the cardiovascular system B. Chlamydia 1. intracellular parasite 2. #1 sexually transmitted disease 3. causes trachoma (most common infectious cause ofblindness)C. Mycobacteria 1. acid fast organism (resists to decolorization with acidalcohol) 2. cell walls have mycelia acid 3. it causesa) tuberculosis (1) hard to treat because bacteria lives within tubercles b) leprosy D. Mycoplasmas 1. smallest living cell 2. no cell wall a) penicillin cannot kill mycoplasmas because they don'thave cell walls 3. causes walking pneumonia (spreads fast) E. Actinomycetes 1. look like fungi but they are prokaryotes 2. produces a) Genus Streptomyces: gives soil its fresh smell b) Streptomyces: used in antibiotics III.differences between archaea andbacteria A. bacteria 1. have peptidoglycan 2. ester linkages in cell membrane lipids B. archaea 1. no peptidoglycan 2. ether linkages in cell membrane
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