Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Genetics II. What does DNA directly participate in? III. Types of RNA Outline of Current Lecture I. Protein Synthesis II. Mutations Current Lecture I. Protein Synthesis A. DNA goes to mRNA then is translated into amino acids and if it is long enough it will become a protein 1. tRNA brings the amino acid to the proper codon B. in eukaryotes DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus then translated in the ribosomes (leave the nucleus through the cytoplasm) C. prokaryotes use simultaneous transcription and translation 1. it doesn’t have to be released to be translated; it is being translated while it is being made D. codon: a group of 3 bases 1. you find codons on mRNA 2. AUG=start codon 3. stop codons a) UAA b) UAG GradeBuddy BIOL 2013 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF EditorTo remove this notice, visit:www.foxitsoftware.com/shoppingc) UGA 4. anticodon: a group of 3 bases on the tRNA II. Mutations A. mutation: change in the DNA base sequence 1. missense mutation: through a mutation one of the DNA’s bases was changed which changed the mRNA message leading to a change in the amino acid 2. nonsense mutation: a mutation will create a stop codon in the mRNA 3. frameshift mutation: a base has been removed (deleted) or inserted (insertion) B. genotype: genetic composition of organism C. phenotype: expressed characteristics 1. physical D. spontaneous mutation: occurs naturally 1. very rare E. induced mutation: induced by a chemical or physical agent F. silent mutation: change in the genotype but not the phenotype 1. most common 2. ex. different codon but it codes of the same amino acid G. UV radiation causes thymines to bind together causing thymine dimers 1. if the DNA wants to replicate it doesn’t know what to put across from them 2. we have a repair system to replace them but if their is too many it won’t work a) caffeine also interferes with the repair
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