Seth Borgstede Biology 1201 Notes Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test Conclusion Classification Important Characteristics o Prokaryotic single cells Lack Nucleus Small o Eukaryotic membrane bound organelles DNA packaged in nucleus Contains other organelles Large o Aerobic with oxygen o Anaerobic without oxygen o Heterotrophic Takes energy in from other sources o Autotrophic makes own energy Basic Chemistry Isotopes o same atomic number different atomic weight ex C 12 C 13 C 14 Covalent Bonds o Electrons are shared Polar Covalent Bonds o Share electrons unequally Covalent Bonds electrons transferred Hydrogen Bonds o Relatively weak bonds Water Properties of water o High specific heat o High heat evaporation o Max density at 4 degrees C Water molecules coat all large biological molecules Bent shape Hydrogen Bonds o DNA o RNA o Proteins o Lipids water Protein Folding Dissociation of Water molecules pH o Parts of the protein that are hydrophobic will fold away from o Hydrogen bonds stabilize the protein structure In pure water dissociation occurs once in every 554 million water An acid with increase H and a base will increase OH Importance of PH o Metabolic reactions o Molecular structure o Toxicity of molecules Buffers Contribute and accept H must sustain stable pH TEST QUESTUON If your friend goes on a diet and loss 15 pounds where does the carbon go ANSWER Into the atmosphere as CO2 Carbon Compounds Carbon has valence of 4 Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds Bond angles form a tetrahedron A carbon atom can form a single or double bind Lecture 3 Isomers Structural Geometric Enantiomers carbon o Variation in covalent partners o Different arrangements of double bonds o Variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric o No enzyme to catalyze reactions of different isomers Functional Groups Give specific properties to molecules Learn to recognize o Hydroxyl o Carbonyl o Carboxyl o Amino o Sulfhydryl o Phosphate Anything with a charge is hydrophilic Hydroxyl o Produce polar molecules o Very Hydrophilic o Forms alcohol Carbonyl Carboxyl o Aldehydes and ketones o Nonpolar o Forms carboxylic or organic acids o Normally lose proton produce ionic form o Functional group on amino acids Amino o Acetic Acid Vinegar o Normally acts as bases o Functional group for amino acids o Two functional groups on amino acids Carboxylic acid and amino Sulfhydryl o Commonly forms thiols o Found in proteins Important in protein structure o Hydrophilic Phosphate o Negatively charged o Important for energy storage o Ex ATP Recognize functional groups Know which is hydrophobic and hydrophilic Chapter 5 Macromolecules Most are polymers made up of monomers Synthesis is by dehydration Breakdown is by hydrolysis Carbohydrates o Made up of C H and O o Classified as Monosaccharaides CH2O n Trioses C3H6O3 glyceraldehyde dihydroxyacetone Pentoses C5H10O5 Ribose Ribulose Hexoses C6H12O6 glucose galactose fructose Disaccharides Two monos joined by a glycosidic bond Sucrose Lactose Maltose o Glucose fructose o Glucose galactose o Glucose glucose Polysaccharides Energy Storage Starch o Just polymer of glucose Amylose un branched Amylose branched Glycogen o Storage molecules in vertabraes Structural Cellulose o indigestible Chitin o Functions Energy Storage polysaccharides Mobile energy molecules Structural molecules Starch Glycogen Glucose Sucrose Cellulose Chitin Lipids o Made up of C H O o Building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids o Classified as Triglycerides Three fatty acids Linked by Esther bond Saturated Fats Will usually be solid at room temperature From dairy Unsaturated fats Liquid at room temperature Form plants Diglycerides Phospholipids Only 2 fatty acids Has a phosphate and another molecule such as Choline Amphipathic Parts like water part doesn t like water Proteins o Made up of C H O N and S o Building blocks are amino acids o Wide variety of functions Structural Catalysis Movement o Amino Acids Nonpolar 9 amino acids Polar 6 amino acids Electrically Charged Acidic 2 amino acids Basic 3 amino acids Polypeptides Bond between Carboxyl and Amino groups Bond forms by dehydration Peptide bonds Polypeptide has amino and carboxyl ends Structure determines function 4 levels of structure Primary amino acid sequence Secondary coils and folds of primary chain o Small portion of the protein o Hydrogen Bonds Tertiary shape produced by bonds between side chains o Whole protein single polypeptide chain o Hydrogen bonds o Ionic bonds Quaternary aggregation of polypeptides Nucleic Acids o Building blocks o Two major types o Store and transmit genetic information DNA Double Stranded Extremely long lived molecule Bases are A T C G Shorter lived molecule RNA Single stranded Bases are A U C G o A hydrogen bonds to T o C hydrogen bonds to G o Always 5 TO 3 Write 5 to 3 Chapter 6 All living cells All cells have a plasma membrane o Lipid bilayer that separates the outside from the cytoplasm Cytoplasm aqueous area inside the cell Ribosomes o Protein RNA structures that make proteins DNA o Genetic material Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells Pro lack nucleus and organelles Pro cells are smaller Prokaryotic Eukaryotes 1 10 m in size Single compartment Circular DNA cytoplasm Cell wall No internal membranes 10 100 m in size many compartments linear DNA nucleus Cell wall many internal membranes Organelles o Plasma Membrane o Cytosol Portion of the cell enclosed by the plasma but not part of any organelle o Ribosomes Proteins and RNA Function is protein synthesis o Cell wall Found in plants fungi protists Protects form lysis Controls cell shape Found outside the plasma membrane Not a permeability factor o Nucleus Key Features Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Nuclear Pores Nucleolus o Mitochondria Contains 2 membranes Inner Outer Aerobic respiration Possesses DNA Electron Transport Chain o ER Makes some of its own proteins Directing proteins to proper location Rough ER Bound ribosomes Making protein Membrane production Smooth ER No ribosomes Synthesis of lipids Detox of drugs Directing proteins to proper location Modifies ER products stores and packages o Golgi Complex o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes Recycle center of the cell Function Digestion of macromolecules Phagocytosis Autophagy o Vacuoles Animal Cells Food vacuoles Contractile Vacuoles pump water Plant Cells Storage of energy and waste molecules Water balance o Chloroplasts Surrounded by double membrane Third inner membrane system contains chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis o
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