NOTE 1BIOL 1201: 1/13Key points of Nature of ScienceDefinition of ScienceRange of Conditions for LifeAntarctic FishSealsDeep Sea FishesThermophilesSharksHalophilesTunaGutless TubewormsMid-water Fish and InvertibratesChemistry BackgroundAtomNOTE 2BIOL 1201: 1/15/09Table 2.1:Natually Occurring Elements in HumansWhat Determines the Number an Type of Chemical BondChemical BondValence vs. Valence ElectronsMoles and Molar ContractionIonic BondCovalentPolar BondsHydrogen BondWaterThe Unusual Properties of WaterBondsPropertiesUnusual Properties of WaterHeat CapacityHeat of VaporizationHeat of FusionWater Most Dense at 4CHigh DielectricCapillary Action and Surface tensionIonizationNOTE 3BIOL 1201: 1/20/09BuffersSolubilityBiological moleculesInsert Fig 4.10 Functional GroupsFunctional GroupsFig 4.5 Carbon SkeletonsBiological MoleculesSynthesis of PolymersBreakdown of PolymerWhy make polymers from monomersCarbohydratesEnergy Roles- FuelStorageCarbohydrates- Structural RolesLIPIDSLipidsFat TypePolymers of FatPhospholipids- create bilayerNOTE 4BIOL 1201-1/22: Biological MoleculesComponents of a triglycerideCarbohydrate energy storage form in animalsAvailable enegy per gramAdvantages of lipids over carbohydratesCamelBearHumanNucleic acidsProteins- Biological moleculeEnzymesStorage proteinTransport ProteinsContractile proteinsDefense blood proteinsToxinsHormone and receptorsStructural ProteinAmino AcidsAmino Acid StructureDifferent kinds of R GroupsNon-polar: Amino AcidsPolar or electrically charged R groupsThe synthesis of a protein from an amino acid involves theCovalent bond between amino acidsThe peptide bondStructure of Protein: 4 structuresPrimary structureAlpha helixBeta pleated sheetsTertiary StructureStabilizing tertiary structureQuaternary StructureNative and denatured proteinsNOTE 5BIOL 1201:1/27/09Roles of Weak Bonds in Biological SystemsThe freezing problems confronting fishAntifreeze PeptidesAntifreeze PeptidesColligative PropertyAntifreeze PeptidesAntifreeze peptides H-bond with iceAntifreeze peptides have what secondary structure?_________ R groups H bond to the iceTransmissible Spongiform EncephalopathiesHuman Spongiform EncephalopathiesHuman Spongiform EncephalopathiesChronology in of Mad Cow in the UKBanned feedUnusual DiseasesBSE in USBSE in Canada2)Disease FormEating beef from mad cows may result inProblems confronting organismNOTE 6BIOL 1201: 1/29/09Review sessions 5:30 Monday and TuesdayOverview- Cell StructureThree Domains of Organisms recognizedWe will use two categoriesProkaryotesEukaryotesPlasma MembraneNucleusGenetic material in EukaryotesGenetic Material in ProkaryotesNucleolusRibosomesEndomembrane System (Fig. 6.16)Smooth ER functionRough ERGolgiLysosomeWhy have digestive enzymes in vesicles?MitochondriaChloroplastsMethod of nutritionMitochodria and ChloroplastsEvidence- these organelles havePlant Cell wallCentral VacuolePlants have three unique features not found in animalsNOTE 7BIOL 1201: 2/3/09CytoskeletonOther elements involved in movementSliding filaments9+2 StructureOther elements involved in movementMolecular MotorsCentriole Fig. 6.221. Ectotherms examples:a. Crayfish, crabs and goldfish.2. Ectotherms body temperatures are determine by the environmental temperaturea. TRUE.3. Endotherms examples:a. Penguins, humans, and tuna.4. Halophiles “love” high salt concentration.5. Gold has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197. How many neutrons are in the nucleus?a. 118 (197-79)6. How many electrons?a. 797. What do elements with atomic numbers 6,14,22 have in common?a. They have the same valence and form the same number of covalent bonds.8. How much NaCl would you need to make 1 liter of a 2 molar solution (58.44 Da)?a. 116.88 (58.44 x 2)9. How much NaOH (40 Da) would you need to have 3.0 moles?a. 120 g (40 x 3)10. C12H22O11 = (C=12, H=1,O=16) what is the mass of the compound?a. 343 Da (12x12 + 22x1 + 11x16)11. Can you have a 1 molar solution of insulin (5727 Da)?a. No.12. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many valence electrons does it have?a. 613. The major categories of chemical bonds:a. Weak and Strong14. The major categories of bonds are based on the number of electrons involved.a. False. It is based on the energy involved.15. Polar bonds result from the transfer of electrons between atoms.a. False45. The sickle-cell hemoglobin mutation alters what level(s) of protein structure?a. Primary, tertiary, quaternary46. Bonds responsible for primary structure:a. Peptide, covalent, strong47. Bonds responsible for secondary structure:a. Hydrogen, weak48. H-bonding in 2˚ structure:a. Atoms in peptide backbone49. A colligative property depends on the number of dissolved molecules.a. True50. Colligative concentration equivalent to 1 M of glucose?a. 1 M sucrose and 0.5 M of NaCl51. Antifreeze peptides have what secondary structure?a. Helical52. _______ R groups of the antifreeze H-bond to the ice?a. Polar53. Kuru:a. Laughing disease54. Scrapie:a. A disease in sheep55. Mad cow disease was spread by contaminated feed:a. True56. Eating beef from “mad cows” may result in:a. vCJD57. Scrapie has been known for over 250 years.a. True58. Prokaryotes lack a plasma membrane.a. False59. Prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes in that Prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound organelles.a. True60. A phospholipid consists of:a. Hydrophobic tail and Hydrophilic head61. ***Defective function of double mutant of class B and class E?a. Budding of vesicles from the Rough ER (the mutant stops at class B)b. See this figure in the book – there will be a couple questions on this!62. ***Defective function of double mutant of class A and D?a. Transport into the rough ER63. Animals and plants are both eukaryotesa. True64. Molecular oxygen is produced in the:a. Chloroplast65. Molecular oxygen is used in:a. Mitochondria66. Which is not in the endomembrane system?a. Mitochondria67. Chloroplasts:a. Site of photosynthesis and produce oxygen68. Chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system.a. False69. Mitochondria:a. Produce ATP, Consume oxygen, and site of cellular respirationThe upper temperature for life is 130*CCell and body temperatures can range from -2*C-130*C and pressure ranges from 1atm-1100atm.The average depth of the ocean is 2*-4*C body temperatures and approximately -380atm with no sunlight @ 3.8km.Organisms confront a variety of problems due to their environment:- Antarctic fishes live at -2*C and are ectotherms meaning their body temperature is determined by their
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