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BIOL 1201 Learning ObjectivesExam 4-Fall 2013Chapter 12: Cell CycleKnow how daughter cells produced by mitosis are different than daughter cells produced by meiosis- Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells that are identical to each other, as well as the parent cell. Meiosis I and II will produce 4 daughter cells that are NOT identical to each other, or the parent cell.Understand how somatic cells are different than gametes- Somatic cells are normal body cells. They are DIPLOID (46 in humans). Gametes are your sex cells (sperm and egg). They are HAPLOID (23 in humans)Know what process produces sister chromatids, where they are attached to other, and what role they play in mitosis- DNA replication during the S phase of interphase produces them. They are attached to each other at the centromere. And one chromatid from each pair of sister chromatids ends up in eachof the daughter cells produced by mitosis.Be able to list what happens during the different stages of the cell cycle- Interphase: o G1 phase: cell growso S phase: DNA replicateso G2 phase: cell grows some more- M phase:o Mitosis (division of nucleus)o Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)Have a general understanding of what occurs during the 5 stages of mitosis- Prophase/prometaphase: nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes condense. Mitotic spindle begins to form- Metaphase: sister chromatids line up att the metaphase plate (equator) of cell, facing opposite directions- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and get pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Cell elongates.- Telophase/Cytokinesis: Cleavage furrow forms in animal cells, cell plate forms in plant cells. Cytoplasm splits. Nuclear envelope re-forms. And daughter cells are produced.Understand the role of the mitotic spindle, microtubules, and kinetochores during mitosis- Mitotic spindle: similar to a spool of a kite string. Physically separates chromosomes.- Microtubules: similar to the actual string. Attach to the chromosomes and the spindle, and separates the chromosomes.- Kinetochores: like “handles” on the chromosomes. Located next to the centromeres and this is the attachment point for the microtubules.Understand what type of offspring are produced by binary fission- Form of asexual reproduction in some prokaryotes. Produces offspring that genetically identical to the parent cell. Produces very little variation in offspring.Know where each checkpoint occurs during the cell cycle and what types of proteins control each checkpoint- G1 checkpoint: occurs just before the S phase of interphase- G2 checkpoint: occurs after S phase, before the M phase of interphase- M checkpoint: occurs just before cytokinesis in the M phase of the cell cycle- Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) control each checkpointChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life CyclesUnderstand how sexual and asexual reproduction differ from each other- Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different from the parent cell. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent cell.Understand what a karyotype would look like in both somatic cells and gametes- In somatic cells, there would be 22 pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males)- In gametes, there would be 22 autosomes, and one sex chromosome (always an X in female gametes (eggs), could be X or a Y in males (sperm)).Understand the relationship between homologous chromosomes and how they differ from sister chromatids- Homologous chromosomes are the same length and contain the same genes that control the same characteristics. Within each pair of homologous chromosomes, one chromosome came from mom and one came from dad. While these chromosomes contain the same genes, they areNOT identical.- Sister chromatids are IDENTICAL copes of individual chromosomes; they are produced during the S phase of the cell cycle, in which chromosomes are replicated.Know how many autosomes and sex chromosomes are present in human somatic cells and gametes- Somatic cells: 44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes- Gametes: 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosomesUnderstand diploid and haploid chromosome numbers- Diploid: 2 VERSIONS of each chromosome (mom’s version and dad’s version). So you have homologous chromosome PAIRS.- Haploid: only have 1 VERSION of each chromosome (either mom’s or dad’s version, but not both). No homologous chromosome pairs.Understand what happens at each stage of Meiosis I and Meiosis II, including which chromosomes separate and what type of daughters cells are present at the end of each division- Meiosis I:o Prophase 1: homologous chromosome pairs and their sister chromatids begin to associate with each other. Forms a TETRAD. Sister chromatids are attached at thecentromere. Homologous chromosomes make contact with each other at the CHIASMATA. This is called crossing over.o Metaphase 1: homologous chromosomes pairs line up at the metaphase plate.o Anaphase 1: homologous chromosome in pairs separate , while sister chromatids remain attached.o Telephase/Cytokinesis: parent cell divides to produce 2 HAPLOID daughter cells, that each contain ONE chromosome from each homologous pair, as well as copy (sister chromatid, still attached)- Meiosis II:o Identical to mitosiso Sister chromatids separate during anaphase, just like in mitosis, and both daughter cells divide to produce FOUR daughter cells, that are all HAPLOID. And because of crossing over, all of these daughter cells are genetically unique. Understand the process of crossing over, when it occurs, and what it results in- Happens during prophase I and meiosis I. NON-SISTER chromatids make contact with each other, forming the CHIASMATA, and exchanging genetic information. Produces entirely unique chromosomes, resulting in more variation in the offspring during sexual reproduction.Understand which division is reductional and which division is equational, and why- Reductional: means that the number of chromosomes is reduced. This is meiosis I, because cell divides to produce 2 haploid cells.- Equational: means the number of chromosomes doesn’t change. This is meiosis II, because 2 haploid parent cells divide to produce 4 haploid daughter cells.Chapter 11: Cell CommunicationUnderstand the different mechanisms for long distance and short distance signaling- Long distance signaling will involves hormones entering the blood stream.- Short distance signaling can involve cell to cell junctions (gap junctions in animal


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LSU BIOL 1201 - Exam 4

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