Definition of Science o The use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena as well as the knowledge generated through this process Endotherm o An animal that is dependent on internal sources of heat for its heat o Penguins o Tuna o Great White Sharks o Swordfish o Mammals Ectotherm o An animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat o Antartic fish o Deap Sea Fish o Reptiles o Most fish Many marine animals are ectotherms because it is too hard to maintain an increased body temperature in water Piezophile barophile o Pressure loving bacteria that thrive at pressures that kill surface o Heat loving bacteria that exist at temperatures up to 132 C o Salt loving bacteria that live in osmotic equilibrium with 3 molar salt o Number of protons in the nucleus o Number mass of protons and neutrons in the nucleus bacteria Thermophiles Halophiles Atomic number Atomic mass Electron shells o 1st shell 2 electrons o 2nd shell o 3rd shell 8 electrons 8 electrons Electronegativity electrons Valence of an atom o A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of o Measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons o Valence is the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell o Valence is important because it determines the element s Difference between valence and valence electrons o Valence is the number of electrons required to fill the outermost o Valence electrons are the number of electrons located in the electronegativity electron shell outermost shell Ions o Atoms that have a charge positive or negative Moles and molar concentrations o 1 mole the mass of a substance equal to its gram molecular weight o 1 molar solution a solution containing 1 mole of a substance per 1 liter of solution o Prepare a solution You prepare a solution by dissolving a known mass of solute often a solid into a specific amount of a solvent Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Polar bonds o Weak bond o Transfer of electron from one atom to another o Strong bonds o Sharing of electrons to complete that valence shell o Unequal sharing of electrons o Partial positive and partial negative regions o No net charge Hydrogen bonds o Weak non covalent bonds o Between partial positive and partial negative charges Unusual properties of water o High heat capacity Amount of heat to raise temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius o High heat of vaporization Amount of heat to vaporize 1 g of water 540 calories per gram at 100 degrees Celsius o High heat of fusion Amount of heat removed to freeze 1 gram of water 80 calories per gram Citrus growers spray water on plants to form ice because heat of fusion will be retained in fruit so fruit don t freeze Because of the hydrogen bonding structure ice is lighter than o Most dense at 4 C liquid water Ice floats so large bodies of water don t freeze solid o High dielectric Great solvent o Capillary action and surface tension Due to hydrogen bonding Cohesion Water to water Adhesion Water and cell wall Dissociation into acid Hydronium ion and Base Hydroxyl o log base 10 o 10 fold difference between numbers o pH of 7 is neutral o A measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution o 1 6 o Ionization ion pH o 8 14 Acid Basic pOH pH 14 Super cooling crystals organisms Lobelia Telekill o Cooling of liquid below its freezing point without the formation of ice o A metastable state o Supercooling can cause explosive freezing that is harmful to living o Mountainous regions of Kenya and Uganda o Fluid filled inflorescence High heat capacity o Ice formation Ice nucleators Release heat of fusion Antifreeze peptides o Hysteresis proteins Affect freezing point but not the melting point Decrease the freezing point Do not change the melting point o Depends on the number of particles molecules and not on the nature Colligative property of the molecules Functional groups Aldehydes terminal carbon and Ketones o Hydroxyl o Carbonyl Alcohols o Carboxyl Acid group o Amino Amines o Sulfhydryl Thiols o Methyl CH 3 nonpolar Synthesis of polymers covalent bond formation between monomer units o Condensation dehydration synthesis Polymer is formed and a water molecule is released as a result o Proceeds with the removal of a water molecule o Hydrolysis Breaking the covalent bond linking the units of the polymer by the addition of a water molecule How many covalent bonds are there in a protein 50 amino acids long How many water molecules were produced in the synthesis of this polymer o 49 o 49 Carbohydrates o General form CH2O o Energy roles Metabolic fuels Storage form Starch plants Glycogen animals o Structural roles Cellulose plants Chitin animals o Monosaccharides are monomers of carbohydrates Bonds through dehydration condensation synthesis o Disaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates Split through hydrolysis reactions Lipids o Water insoluble organic biomolecules made up of nonpolar groups o Twice as much energy is available from fat lipids opposed to sugars carbohydrates o Lipids fats aren t as rapidly mobilized as carbohydrates o Insoluble in water o Structural components of the cell membrane o Storage and transport forms of fuel o Make hormones o Composed of glycerol and fatty acids Fat types o Saturated Saturated with Hydrogen No double bonds between adjacent carbons o Unsaturated Double bonds Lower melting point o Melting points differ Saturated fats are solids at higher temperatures than unsaturated fats Acyl chains of unsaturated fats are kinky and therefore require a lower temperature to become solid Triglyceride storage fat o A fat molecule composed of a Glycerol and fatty acid Phospholipid o Polymer of lipids with phosphate groups o Compose the cell membrane of cells 20 naturally occurring amino acids are L isomers o Also in Amino Group and Carboxyl group R groups o Functional groups that determine the structure of the protein Amino acid structure o Central carbon o Amino group o Monomers Different types of R groups o Polar o Nonpolar No partial charges on the R group Hydrophobic o Charged or Polar or electrically charged R groups o Hydrophilic Covalent linkage between amino acids o Peptide bonds link the amino and carboxyl groups together through dehydration synthesis o The Peptide bond process does not involve the R group of the amino acids 4 levels of amino acids o 1st level Primary structure Covalent bond formation o 2nd level Secondary o 3rd level Tertiary 3D Helix Beta pleated sheet R group Weak bonds o Hydrogen
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