Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2013 150 pts 1 3 material from previous exams 2 3 material covered since exam 4 CUMULATIVE MATERIAL study only these topics Chapter 1 Understand the taxonomic organization within each of the 3 domains Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chapter 2 Know the relative electronegativity of Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen and Oxygen H C N O Understand what happens during the formation of Ionic bonds attracted to each other Covalent bonds both polar and nonpolar electrons are donated from one atom to another and opposite charged ions are Polar atom share electrons unequally one atom has a higher EN than the other o o Non polar atoms share electrons equally because the atoms have the same similar EN s always involves hydrogen Hydrogen is already involved in a polar Hydrogen bonds covalent bond with a high EN atom usually N or O so Hydrogen takes a partial positive charge Hydrogen then forms a weak attraction to a nearby atom with a partial negative charge usually N or O Van der Waal s interactions due to re distribution of electrons in their orbitals Brief weak attraction between very closely spaced atoms these are always present regardless of the molecule They are Be able to classify bonds as polar nonpolar Remember HCNO Non Polar next to each other will share equally Polar aren t next to each other one will attract more so unequal sharing Chapter 3 Know the four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth s fitness for life and be able to give a real world example of each 1 Expands upon freezing Ice floats 2 Resists changes in temperature takes a lot of heat to change it Boiling water takes a while 3 Cohesive behavior water sticks to water allows for surface tension walk on water 4 Versatility as a solvent anything that is polar or ionic charged will dissolve in water Chapter 4 Be able to distinguish between structural isomers geometric isomers and enantiomers Structural Isomers Geometric Isomers Enantiomers have the same chemical formula but atoms are arranged differently must have C C chemical groups arranged differently around C C mirror images that can have entirely different chemical properties Chapter 5 Understand condensation synthesis and hydrolysis reactions Condensation synthesis are linked together with a covalent bond Hydrolysis bonds holding the monomers together how cells build macromolecules Water is removed and monomers how cells break down macromolecules Water added and it breaks the peptide Understand the roles of each of the 4 major macromolecules in our cells 1 Proteins 2 Carbohydrates molecular tools Do jobs in cells Involved in all processes Made of amino acids used for energy glycogen in animals and starch in plants or for building chitin in animals and cellulose in plants Made of monosaccharide monomers 3 Lipids macromolecules very dense Made of fatty acid monomers used for long term energy storage Higher in energy per gram than any other info storage DNA RNA Made of nucleotide monomers 4 Nucleic acids Chapter 6 Understand the basic roles of the organelles in eukaryotic cells contains most DNA directs protein synthesis control center of cell site of protein synthesis produces ATP site of photosynthesis in plant cells and some bacteria Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosome Nucleus Smooth ER Rough ER Golgi apparatus Peroxisomes Lysosomes get sent here to be broken down recycling of cellular materials contains ribosomes on surface where proteins are made helps detox the cell destroys toxins poisons shipping center directs proteins made on rough ER where lipids are made garbage disposal very low pH proteins worn out organelles macromolecules Chapter 7 Understand the fluid mosaic model and the organization of phospholipids in the plasma membrane Proposes that the plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that behaves more like a liquid than a solid Proteins are inserted within attached to it Phospholipids in bilayer with hydrophobic fatty tails pointed at each other and hydrophilic heads exposed to watery environment on both sides of membrane Understand what happens during osmosis Water goes from low solute conc high water conc across a membrane to an area of high solute conc low water conc diluting it until equal solute conc Diffusion of WATER Chapter 8 Be able to classify reactions as endergonic and exergonic Endergonic Exergonic Reactants less energy than products Energetically uphill Energy added Reactants more energy than products Energetically downhill Energy released Understand and be able to apply the Gibb s free energy equation G H T S Free energy available energy Enthalpy total energy Temperature change in Entropy unusable energy G endergonic G exergonic Chapter 9 Be able to list the inputs and outputs for each stage of cellular respiration Glycolysis In glucose o Bridge Reaction Out 2ATP 2NADH 2 Pyruvates o In 2 Pyruvates Out 2 Acetyl coA s 2NADH Krebs o In 2 Acetyl coA s Out 6NADH 2FADH2 2ATP ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation need oxygen to accept electrons o In electrons from NADH and FADH2 Out 34 36 ATP water Chapter 10 Be able to list the inputs and outputs for each stage of photosynthesis including what gets produced by photosystem 1 and 2 Light dependent Reaction In sunlight water o Calvin Cycle o In ATP NADPH CO2 Out glucose oxygen Out PSII ATP PSI NADPH Chapter 11 Understand where receptors for hydrophilic and hydrophobic messengers are located on target cells and why Hydrophilic Hydrophobic have receptors in the plasma membrane they cant cross it have receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus Chapter 12 Understand what type of daughter cells are produced during mitosis and what effect this process has on the chromosome number Mitosis 2 identical daughter cells with same chromosome number as the parent cell Chapter 13 Understand what type of daughter cells are produced during meiosis and what effect this process has on the chromosome number Meiosis I and II 4 daughter cells that aren t identical Chromosome number is reduced by half from the parent cell Daughter cells are gametes NON CUMULATIVE MATERIAL Chapter 14 Understand the relationship between homologous chromosomes and alleles Homologous chromosomes are from mom and dad and contain alleles which are versions of genes they made be identical or different Understand what true breeding homozygous and hybrid heterozygous means Homozygous Heterozygous at a particular locus both alleles are identical at a particular locus alleles differ Understand and be
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