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Evolution: the process of change that has transformed life on earth from the earliest beginnings to the diverse organisms living todayTheme: New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchyEmergent properties: properties that emerge at each step, that weren’t there at the preceding levelDue to arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increasesReductionism: the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to studySystems biology: an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the systems partsUsed to answer large-scale questionsLevels of biological organizationBiosphereEcosystemsCommunitiesPopulationsOrganismsOrgans and Organ SystemsTissuesCellsOrganellesMoleculesTheme: Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environmentGlobal climate change  global warming, risen 1 degree C since 1990, 3 degree C over he 21st centuryTheme: Life requires energy transfer/transformationChlorophyll: sunlight  photosynthesisAnimal muscle: sugar to fuel movementTheme: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organizationForm fits function: analyzing structure gives clues on what it does and vice versaTheme: The cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and functionCells:Prokaryotic: bacteria and archaea (DNA not separated)Eukaryotic: all other forms of life, including plants and animals. Sub-divided into various membrane-enclosed organellesTheme: The continuity of life based on heritable info in form of DNADNA: 2 long strands in double helixCentral database4 nucleotides (A,T,C,G)specific sequential arrangements of these encode gene infoHuman proteins: growth, muscle cell, antibodies, enzymesRNA: intermediary, sequence of nucleotides transcribed  specific protein.Regulates the function of protein coding genesGene expression: the process by which the info in a gene directs the production of a cellular productDifference between organisms: reflect differences in nucleotide sequence rather than genetic codesGenome: the entire library of genetic instructions an organism inherits. Genes for about 75,000 kinds of proteinsGenomics: study of whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing themBioinformatics: use of computational tools to store/organize/analyze the data that results from high-throughput methodsTheme: feedback mechanisms regulate biological systemsNegative feedback: accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process (most common form of regulation in living systems)Positive feedback: end product speeds up its own productionCore theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of lifeDiversity: 1.8 million species, est total: 10-100+ million3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya(plantal, fungi, animalia)Protists: single cell euk.November 1859: Charles Darwin (on the origin of species by natural selection)  Darwinism“Descent with modification” contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestorsNatural Selection:Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which seemed to be heritableMore offspring than can survive to produce more offspring (competition arose)Species are generally adapted to their environmentsExperimentsInductive reasoning: observations lead to important conclusions based on logicDeductive reasoning: reasoning after hypothesis, from general to specific (if, then logic)Scientific theory: much broader than a hypothesis. General enough to spin off many new hypotheses than can be tested. Supported by more evidence. Sometimes get modified or rejected.Model organism: a species that is easy to grow in a lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigatedOrganisms are composed of matterAnything that takes up space and has massElementsubstance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions (92 in nature)Compound:Substance consisting of 2+ different elements combined in a fixed ratioHas characteristics different from its elements20-25% of the 92 elements are essential to living organismshumans need 25, plants need 17O,C,H,N=96% of living matterCa,P,K,S and more=4%Trace elements: required by an organism in only minute quantitiesThyroid needs .15mg of iodine (goiter-iodine deficiency)Atom: smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an elementSubatomic particles: neutrons, protons, electronsDalton measurement: atomic mass unit (P&N close to 1 Dalton, electron 1/2000 of a proton)Isotopes: different atomic forms of same elementAtomic mass is average of all the element’s naturally occurring isotopesRadioactive isotope: nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energyWhen carbon decays it becomes nitrogenHelpful with medicine (tracers and PET scans)Energy: capacity to cause change by doing workPotential energy: energy that matter possesses because of its location or structureChemical behavior: depends mostly on the number of electrons in the outermost shellValence electrons in valence shellInert: chemically unreactive, completed valence shellChemical bonds:Covalent bond: sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atomsBonding capacity: Valence (Oxygen has a valence of 2)Electronegativity: attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bondNon-polar covalent bond: same electronegativity (H2 and O2)Polar covalent bond: one atom bonded to a more electronegative atom (H2O)Ionic bond: cations and anions attract each otherIonic compounds or salts (NaCl)Hydrogen Bond (very important)Partial + charge on H that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom allows H to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearbyVan der Waals interactions: individually weak and occur when molecules are very close togetherEver-changing regions of + and – charge enable molecules to stick to one anotherCan be powerful togetherVDW/HB/IB and other weak bonds may form between parts of a large molecule, like a proteinReinforce the 3D shape of the moleculeMolecular Shape & FunctionShape is important to function in living cellForm dictates functionDetermines how biological molecules recognize and respond to each other with specificityMolecular Specificity (Ex: Opiates & Endorphins)Opiates are derived from opium1800’s opium  morphine derived  heroin synthesizedClass of chemicals called endorphins (1975)Signaling molecules made by the pituitary gland during intense


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LSU BIOL 1201 - Themes in the Study of Life

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