Ch 1 Helpful Themes to remember in Biology Life requires energy transfer and transformation 1 New Properties Emerge at each level in the Biological Hierarchy 2 Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment 3 4 Structure and function are correlated at all levels of Biological Organization 5 The Cell Is an organism s basic unit of structure and function 6 The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA 7 Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems 8 Evolution is the overarching theme of Biology Terms to know species 1 Genome the entire list of genetic instructions that an organism inherits 2 Genomics studying whole sets of genes in a species and comparing genomes between 3 Negative Feedback accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process 4 Positive Feedback End Product makes it s own production faster think of blood clotting 5 Natural selection natural environment selects certain traits from traits that occur naturally in the population 6 Observing use of senses to gather info 7 Data recording what you have observed 8 Qualitative descriptions rather than numerical data 9 Quantitative measurements 10 Inductive reasoning derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations 11 Deductive reasoning after forming a hypothesis involves logic that follows in the opposite The sun always rises in the East direction from general to specific 12 Theory Much broader than a hypothesis but general enough to generate many new specific hypotheses that can be tested supported by a much greater body of evidence than a hypothesis 13 Taxonomy area of biology responsible for naming and classifying species 1 Processes that decompose or store sugar are accelerated by proteins called enzymes Each enzyme catalyzes a specific type of reaction 2 In Feed Back regulation the output or product of a process regulates that very process a Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Concepts to Know 3 Classifying 4 Domains of Life a Bacteria b Archaea c Eukarya 5 Evolution a Think of it as being united through diversity b Charles Darwin and Natural Selection i Darwinism 1 Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors 2 Mechanism for descent w modification or natural selection Individuals in a population vary in traits a b Population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their own Species generally suit their environments c ii Proposed that over time natural selection could ultimately cause 2 or more descendant species 6 In order for something to be addressed by science a Must be testable b Must be falsifiable c Observations and experimental results must be repeatable 7 Research developments that made genomics possible a High throughput b Bio informatics use of computational tools to store organize and analyze the huge c volume of data that results from high throughput methods Interdisciplinary research teams computer scientists mathematicians physicists etc Ch 2 Key Concepts Terms to know reactions ratio 1 Matter Consists of chemical elements in pure form in combinations called compounds 2 The properties of an element are determined by the structure of its atoms 3 The formation function of molecules depends on the chemical bonding between atoms 4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds 1 Matter anything that has mass and takes up space 2 Element substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical 3 Compound substance consisting of two or more different elements combined into a fixed 4 Essential elements what an organism needs to live a healthy life 5 Trace elements required by an organism in only minute quantities 6 Atoms the smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element 7 Neutrons electrically neutral 8 Protons 1 9 Electrons 1 10 Atomic nucleus where protons and neutrons are packed densely giving the nucleus a positive charge and the electrons form a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus 11 Dalton the same as the atomic mass unit amu neutrons and protons have masses close to 1 Dalton 12 Atomic number the number of protons unique to that element 13 Mass number the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom determine number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number 14 Atomic mass approximation of the total mass of an atom 15 Isotopes different atomic forms of the same element 16 Radioactive isotope the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles of energy When the decay leads to a change in the number of protons it transforms the atom to an atom of a different element 17 Energy the capacity to cause change by doing work 18 Potential energy energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure 19 Electron shells where electrons are found an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom 20 Valence electrons outer electrons 21 Valence shell outermost electron shell 22 Orbital 3 D space where an electron is found 90 of the time 23 Chemical bonds attractions between atoms strongest kind are ionic and covalent 24 Molecule two or more molecules held together by covalent bonds 25 Single bond a pair of shared electrons 26 Double bond sharing two pairs of valence electrons 27 Valence bonding capacity usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom s outermost valence shell 28 Electronegativity attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond 29 Nonpolar covalent bond bond between two atoms of the same element the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity 30 Polar covalent bond when one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom the electrons of the bond are not shared equally 31 Compound combination of two or more elements 32 Ion charged atom or molecule 33 Cation when the charge of an ion is positive 34 Anion when the charge of an ion is negative 35 Ionic bond the attraction cations and anions have because they have opposite charges 36 Ionic compounds compounds formed by ionic bonds salts Important Concepts 1 Living matter made of these four elements oxygen carbon nitrogen and hydrogen 2 The neutron and proton are almost identical in mass each about 1 7 x 10 24 gram but we use Daltons for atoms and subatomic particles 3 Uses for radioactive isotopes in Biology a Measuring radioactivity in fossils in order to date them b Diagnostic tools in
View Full Document
Unlocking...