1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 are molecules that contain only Hydrogen and Carbon molecules are molecules which contain Carbon and Hydrogen are molecules which contain the same atoms but those atoms are arranged in chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Living organisms are composed of chemicals Carbon atoms can bond with other atoms Carbon atoms are the most building blocks of molecules Carbon has a valence of 4 meaning it can bond with 2 3 or 4 other atoms Hydrocarbons are major components of fuels Hydrocarbons are generally meaning they are hydrophobic different patterns There are three types of isomers and they are arranged differently double bonds are arranged differently Functional side groups are groups of atoms attached to the of organic molecules Functional groups contribute to molecular in living systems The 7 general function groups are Isomers are molecules which contain the same atoms but a different shape because Isomers are molecules which contain the same atoms but the croups around a C C are isomers that are mirror images of one another Carbonyl Sulfhydryl Methyl OH COOH NH2 PO4 Hydroxyl Oxygen is bonded to a Carbon backbone and to a Hydrogen atom making it This is the alcohols group Carbonyl Ketone the carbonyl group is within the Carbon skeleton and is the end of the Carbon skeleton Carboxyl Has acidic properties making it a n donor Also part of peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins Amino Accept from water in living systems it acts as a base Also participates in formation of peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins Sulfhydryl 2 SH groups can form a covalent bond to help stabilize structure Cross linking of SH groups in hair proteins is what determines form of hair Phosphate Is important for transfer in cells 22 23 Methyl Are non polar and is added to DNA to gene expression 24 are large molecules consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together A n is a subunit building block of a polymer 25 26 27 Most biological polymerization reactions are condensation reactions also called a is the bonding of monomers to form long molecules 28 29 synthesis reaction Condensation reactions are reactions in which the covalent linkage of monomers is accompanied by the removal of a water molecule Hydrolysis is the breaking of the covalent bond between 2 monomers by the addition of The macro molecules are and Carbohydrates are organic molecules made of and their polymers Carbohydrates are classified by the number of sugars are used as fuels and building material 30 31 32 33 34 Monomers are simple sugars called 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 are a major source of nutrients for cells can form Dipolysaccharides and Polysaccharides Carbs only contain Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio Glucose is the most Carbohydrates can be produced by organisms from CO2 H2O and light Disaccharides are joined by a linkage Glycosidic linkage is a bond formed by a dehydration synthesis between 2 sugar monomers Polysaccharides are that are polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides Polysaccharides are formed by enzyme mediated reactions Storage store sugars that can be hydrolyzed as needed Glycogen is a glucose polymer that is used as a storage in animals Glycogen is stored in the muscle and of vertebrates If there is more glucose in your bloodstream than your body needs the excess glucose is linked together and stored as in your muscles and liver is a glucose polymer that is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants 49 When energy is needed glycogen is quickly broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream for energy needs Once glycogen stores are full excess glucose gets converted to for long term energy needs First stages of any diet usually involve rapid and dramatic loss this is because of water weight This is because glycogen is being in the muscles and liver as caloric intake is reduced Every ounce of glycogen in the body can have as much as of water to it 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 bonds hold the cellulose strands together is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet Structural polysaccharides are and Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose Cellulose reinforces cell walls Cellulose cannot be digested by most animals because they lack the that can hydrolyze the linkage in cellulose is the structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar Chitin also serves as the of arthropods and cell walls of mushrooms Lipids are mostly molecules with diverse functions There are 3 lipid types and 3 fatty acids glycerol Fats and oils function as energy One gram of fat stores times as much energy as one gram of sugar Olestra is the Instead of a triglyceride with 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol it has 8 fatty acids attached to a molecule of Humans store fat in tissue cells which swell and shrink as fat is added to or taken from them There are 2 types of fats and No double bonds between Max number of atoms bonded to Carbon of the skeleton Usually at room temperature Most animals store 1 or more double bonds Chain kinks at each double bond can t pack close to form Usually at room temperature Most plants store Phospholipids are an essential class of that make up cell membranes 71 Amphipathic means polar and non polar having a n hydrophilic head and a n tail 72 73 When phospholipids are added to water they self assemble into a n that shields their is a component of animal cell membranes used as a molecular precursor for many hydrophobic portion from water Steroids are a class of lipids that include many Steroids have a Carbon skeleton of with various functional groups attached steroids Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of Proteins are poly amino held together by peptide bonds The specific sequence of amino acids in a particular protein is the structure Changes in primary structure can result in changes in all of the level of structure Amino Acids 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Non Polar Polar Charged 84 82 Most proteins have repeated polypeptide that are coiled or folded into patterns 83 These are the result of Hydrogen bonding between the components of the amino acid The protein structure is the 3 D shape of polypeptides result from interactions between side chains of various amino acids Hydrophobic residues tend to cluster together on the of a folded protein Aggregation pattern of 2 polypeptides is the structure of a protein 85 86 87 Mis folded protein
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