Exam 2 Material 1 Monomers are subunits of polymers 09 18 2013 2 Dehydration Synthesis Covalent linkage of monomers into polymers is aided by the removing of a water molecule 3 Hydrolysis breaking of the covalent bond between two monomers by adding water 4 Carbohydrates are large molecules made of sugars Monosaccharides simple sugars Aldose slanted or ketose side by side Polysaccharides Many sugar building blocks put together Structure of carbohydrates Each carbon has a hydroxyl group OH and at least one hydrogen H attached to it except for one carbon which has a carbonyl group instead of the hydroxyl TRIOSE C3H6O3 3 carbon o Aldose Ketose o Glyceraldeyde Dihydroxyacetone PENTOSE C5H10O5 5 carbon o Aldose Ketose o Ribose Ribulose HEXOSE C6H12O6 6 carbon o Aldose Ketose o Glucose Fructose 5 Glycosidic linkage 1 4 Linkage Starch 1 4 linkage of alpha glucose Cellulose 1 4 linkage of beta glucose DISACCHARIDE Maltose Lactose Sucrose MONOMERS Glucose Glucose Glucose Galactose Glucose Fructose COMMON USE Important in beer brewing Sugar present in milk Table sugar most common disaccharide 6 DISACCHARIDES two Monosaccharides combined together 7 POLYSACCHARIDES multiple Monosaccharides combined together Storage polysaccharides o Starches glucose polymer that is used as a storage polysaccharide Amylose straight chain of glucose Amylopectin One branched off of straight chain o Glycogen glucose polymer that is used as storage for carbohydrates in animals Branched configuration Structural polysaccharides o Cellulose unbranched polymer of glucose beta 1 4 linkages o Chitin polymer of an amino sugar 8 LIPIDS diverse group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents Types of lipids Fats phospholipids and steroids FATS acids o Fats triglycerol made up of glycerol alcohol and fatty o Ester linkage bond between a carboxyl and hydroxyl group In the making of a fat three fatty acids are combined with a glycerol by an ester linkage o Saturated No double bonds between carbons Solid at room temp Animal fats Lard and butter o Unsaturated One or more double bonds between carbons Liquid at room temp Plant fats Olive oil PHOSPHOLIPIDS make up the cell membrane o Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol o Hydrocarbon tails Hydrophobic o Phosphate group and attachments head Hydrophilic STEROIDS Lipids characterized by four enclosed rings o Cholesterol crucial molecule in animal cell membranes allows for the synthesizing of other steroids 9 PROTEINS molecular tools for most cellular functions Protein Functions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Structural support Storage Transport Signaling Cellular response to chemical proteins Movement Immune defense Catalysts A protein is a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific Peptide bond small linkage chain of amino acids Polypeptide aka protein a bunch of amino acid monomers put sequence together Groups that make up amino acids amino carboxyl R variable groups o Nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic C C C H bonds One exception NH in tryptophan o Polar side chains are hydrophilic OH NH2 C double bond O One exception SH in Cysteine o Charged side chains are hydrophilic Acidic negatively charge carboxylic group Basic positively charged NH groups Primary Structure Specific sequence of amino acids in a particular protein Changes in this can result in changes in all remaining levels of the structure o Starts with N terminus Amino end o Ends with C terminus Carboxyl end Secondary Structure Orderly repeating structure o Alpha helix Coiled OH pointing down o B pleated sheet Folds over itself OH pointing up Tertiary Structure 3 D shape that is stabilized by interactions between side chains Disulfide bridges Quaternary Structure Association of multiple polypeptides to form a functional protein A protein is not a polypeptide when it s multiple polypeptides For it to be a protein in the right conformation it has to interact with the other parts and function 10 Denaturation abusing and unfolding of your proteins Renaturation refolding a protein back it its native state 11 NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material inside the cell DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid Nucleotide composed of sugar pentose 5 carbons phosphate group acid and a nitrogenous base o Sugar and phosphate make up the nucleic acid backbone Phosphodiester linkage acid coming together with an alcohol 12 Two families of NITROGENOUS BASES Pyrimidines and Purines Pyrimidines Cytosine Thymine DNA Uracil RNA Purines six membered ring fused to five member ring Guanine Adenine o Adenine pairs with thymine o Cytosine pairs with guanine 13 A TOUR OF THE CELL organelles Prokaryotes Single circular chromosome no nucleus nucleoid no Eukaryotes 2 or more chromosomes nuclus genetic material within the nucleus organelles Nucleoid inside a prokaryotic cell Nucleus replacement Cytoplasm an area inside the cell Cytosol liquid that fills the cytoplasmic area Organelle part of a cell with a specialized function Plasma membrane selective barrier that allows oxygen nutrients and waste to enter and leave the cell Chromatin DNA and proteins making up chromosomes Nucleolus in the nucleus contains RNA Endomembrane system Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Synthesis and transport of proteins metabolism of lipids and detoxification of proteins 09 18 2013 09 18 2013
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