Biol 1201 Sec 1 Spring 2015 Learning Objectives 1 Background Material Know the definitions of Science Endotherm Ectotherm Piezophile barophile Halophile Thermophile What are some examples of endotherms and ectotherms Why are so many aquatic animals ectotherms Basic Chemistry Elements and Electrons Atomic mass What information does this provide Atomic number What information does this provide Electron shells How many electrons are required to fill each shell What is valence Know how to calculate this for atoms important in biological systems Why is valence important What is the difference between valence and valence electrons What are ions Know how to calculate the mass of a molecule How do you prepare a solution of a given molarity Chemical Bonds Strong bonds covalent bonds polar and nonpolar Weak bonds hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds What is electronegativity See the figure in the pdf file in the Moodle folder Biological Molecules How does this determine whether a covalent bond will be polar or nonpolar Pay particular attention to Fig 2 9 and Figs 2 12 through 2 16 Biological Molecules Properties of Water 1 High heat capacity 2 High heat of vaporization 3 High heat of fusion 4 Most dense at 4 C 5 High dielectric and how this affects solubility 6 Capillary action and surface tension 7 Ionization 1 Figures 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 7 and 3 8 Know the definitions of pH and pOH Be able to manipulate pH and pOH What is supercooling undercooling What problem does supercooling pose for the cells and tissues of an organism Lobelia telekii which we referred to as the Cousin Itt plant is able to keep its tissues from freezing even when the air temperature drops to 10 C at night How is it able to do this See the figures in the pdf file in the Moodle folder Biological Molecules Other organisms such as Antarctic fishes prevent ice formation in their tissues even though they have cell temperatures below the freezing point of body fluids They do this by accumulating antifreeze proteins How do these antifreeze proteins work See the figures in the pdf file on Moodle under Biological Molecules What is a colligative property Why are antifreeze proteins called hysteresis proteins Functional Groups Study Table 4 9 you need to know the function of the groups and must be able to identify the functional groups Polymerization breakdown reactions Synthesis and breakdown of polymers Dehydration condensation synthesis of a polymer Hydrolysis breakdown a polymer Figure 5 2 E g How many covalent bonds are there in a protein 50 amino acids long How many water molecules were produced in the synthesis of this polymer Carbohydrates Functions energy and structural roles in plants and animals Monomers and Polymers examples e g glucose glycogen starch chitin and cellulose monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide How much energy is available relative to an equal mass of lipid Lipids How are lipids defined What are saturated and unsaturated fats How do they differ in their melting points Be able to identify saturated and unsaturated fats See Figures 5 10 through 5 14 2 What is a triglyceride storage fat How is it formed What is a phospholipid What are the properties of the tails and the phosphate head group e g are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic Proteins Amino acids are monomers What do all 20 common amino acids have in common What are R groups These groups have different properties i e some are charged some are polar and some are nonpolar How does this affect how they interact with water How is the covalent linkage between amino acids formed What is the name given to this covalent bond What are the levels of structure that all proteins share in common How are the levels of structure stabilized i e what kinds of bonds What groups are involved e g the peptide backbone or R group in stabilizing the levels of structure See Figures 5 16 5 17 5 20 and 5 21 From lecture Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies TSE Prion diseases caused by infectious proteins Slowly developing diseases The prions are virtually indestructible Mad cow disease CJD and vCJD CWD Kuru Scrapie Prion proteins normal and disease forms how do they differ Fig 19 11 Cells Cell Structure and Organelles What limits cell size Know the functions of the organelles See Concepts 6 2 through 6 6 at the end of Chapter 6 What is the endomembrane system How does it function Pay particular attention to Figure 6 12 6 13 and 6 15 and to the figure showing the consequences of defects in the endomembrane system which is posted on Moodle Know which types of organelles are found in Prokaryotes vs Eukaroytes Plants and Animals 3
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