Organic Molecules Complex molecules containing a carbon carbon bond Composed largely of C H O N S P Functional Groups in bold Groups of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of organic molecules Cause changes in physical and chemical properties Hydroxl OH POLAR Carbonyl C O POLAR Ketone located in a carbon chain Aldehyde located on the end of a chain Carboxyl HO C O POLAR Amino HNH POLAR Phosphate contains phosphorus POLAR Sulfhydryl SH contains sulfur essentially non polar NONPOLAR Methyl CH3 NONPOLAR Not functional but important C H NONPOLAR Classes of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Compounds with a ratio of 1 Carbon 2 Hydrogens 1 Oxygen Types Monosaccharides 1 sugar Disaccharides 2 sugar produced through condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides many sugars cellulose structural starch storage plants glycogen storage animals Lipids Insoluble in water Non polar Types Fatty Acids Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on one end Saturated single bonded carbon Unsaturated double bonded carbon Triglycerides A glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains attached Phospholipids A glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached Steroids 4 carbon rings with various side groups Three 6 sided rings and one 5 sided rings carbon rings Proteins Polymers of amino acids Unbranched chains linear molecules Amino Acids Contain central C to which is attached o An amino group o A carboxyl group o A hydrogen o Something else R Amino Acid Polymers Amino acids are joined to form un branched chains The bond joining the amino acids is a Peptide Bond Protein Structure Primary 1 o A description of the covalent bonds and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Secondary 2 o Repeated spatial patterns Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet Largely stabilized by hydrogen bonds Tertiary 3 Quaternary 4 o 3 D pattern of folding Largely stabilized by weak bonds o 3 D pattern of joining several different polypeptide chains Largely stabilized by weak bonds Protein Function Structural Regulatory o Muscle cartilage hair feathers o Enzymes hormones carriers Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides Unbranched chains Nucleotides 5 carbon sugar o ribose o deoxyribose Phosphate group Nitogenous base 5 types DNA Structure Four nucleotides Complementary Base Pairing hydrogen bonds Double Helix Anti parallel backbones Adenosine Triphosphate Not only a component of nucleic acids but also important in cellular energetics
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