Chapter 1:Understand the taxonomic organization within each of the 3 domains:Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesChapter 2:Know the relative electronegativities of: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen-hydrogen<carbon<nitrogen<oxygen-for a covalent bond to be polar, theatoms involved must be separated by 1 atomUnderstand what happens during the formation of:Ionic bonds-electrons are donated from one atom to another and oppositely charged ions are attracted to each otherCovalent bonds (both polar and nonpolar)--polar-atoms share electrons unequally. one of the atoms is significantly more eletronegative than the other-non-polar-atoms share electrons equally because the atoms involved have identical or similar electronegativityHydrogen bonds-involves hydrogen ALWAYS. hydrogen is already involved in a polar covalent bond with a more electronegative atom(this is usually nitrogen or oxygen). so the gydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. so a hydrogen then forms a weak attraction to a near by atom with a partial negative charge which is also usually nitrogen or oxygenVan der Waal’s interactions-they are always present regardless of the molecule and they are due to redistribution of electrons in their orbitals. there is a brief and very weak attraction between closely spaced atoms (get more info on this). individually they are very weak but they add up to be very strongBe able to classify bonds as polar, nonpolar-remember the list in order... HCNO-two atoms involved in covalent bond are next to each other then the bond is non-polar because these atoms share the electrons equally-if the atoms are not next to each other the bond is polar because one of the atoms will attract the electrons more than the other and the electrons will be shared unequallyChapter 3:Know the four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth’s fitness for life, and be able to give a real-world example of each1. expands upon freezing. this is why ice floats2. resists changes in temperature. takes a lot of heat(energy) to change the temperature of water. think about how long it takes water to boil3. cohesive behavior. water sticks to water. allows for surface tension. some organisms can literally walk on water.4. versatility as a solvent. anything that is polar or ionic(charged) will dissolve in waterChapter 4:Be able to distinguish between structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomersstructural-have the same chemical formula, but the atoms are arranged differentlygeometric-MUST have a carbon carbon double bond. chemical groups are arranged differently around this double bondenantiomers-mirror images of each other that can have entirely different chemical propertiesChapter 5:Understand condensation synthesis and hydrolysis reactionscondensation synthesis-how our cells BUILD macromolecules. water is removed and monomers are linked together with a covalent bond(peptide bond?)hydrolysis reaction- how our cells BREAK DOWN macromolecules. water is added, and breaks peptide bonds holding monomers togetherUnderstand the roles of each of the 4 major macromolecules in our cells1. proteins-molecular tools. do the jobs in our cells. involved in every single process inside the cell. made up of amino acids2. carbs-used for energy(glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells), or for building material(cellulose in plant cells and chitin in animal cells). made of monosaccharide monomers.3. lipids- used for long term energy storage. higher in energy per gram than any other macromolecule. very dense. made of fatty acid monomers.4. nucleic acids- information storage. DNA and RNA. made of nucleotide monomersChapter 6:Understand the basic roles of the organelles in eukaryotic cells-mitochondria-produces ATP. powerhouse of the cell-chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis in plant cells and some bacteria-ribosome- sit of protein synthesis-nucleus- contains most of the DNA. directs protein synthesis. center of control of the cell-nucleolus- site of ribosome assembly-smooth ER-where lipids are made, no proteins made here-rough ER- contains ribosomes on the surface where proteins are made-Golgi apparatus- shipping center of the cell. directs protein made on the rough ER to their approximate location in the cell-peroxisomes-helps to detoxify the cell. destroys toxins and poisons-lysosomes- garbage disposal of the cell. very low pH. proteins, worn-out organelles, macromolecules get sent here o be broken own into individual monomersChapter 7:Understand the fluid mosaic model and the organization of phospholipids in the plasma membrane-proposes that the plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that behaves more like a liquid than a solid. and inserted within and attached to this phospholipid bilayer are numerous different proteins-orientation of phospholipids- they are in a bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointed at each other. hydrophilic heads exposed to the watery environment on both sides of the membraneUnderstand what happens during osmosis-water moves from an area of low solute concentration(high water concentration) across a membrane to an area of high solute concentration(low water concentration) diluting it, until there is equal concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane. DIFFUSION OF WATERChapter 8:Be able to classify reactions as endergonic and exergonicendergonic-the reactants (starting material) will have less energy than the products(ending material). energetically uphill, meaning energy must be added for the reaction to take placeexergonic- the reactants have more energy than the products. the reaction is energetically downhill because energy is released as the reaction progresses.Understand and be able to apply the Gibb’s free energy equation-delta G= delta H - TdeltaS-free energy(energy available to do work)=enthalapy(total energy) - temperature x change in entropy(usable energy)-delta G is the energy available to do work or free energy-if delta G is positive your reaction is endergonic-if delta G in negative your reaction is exergonicChapter 9:Be able to list the inputs and outputs for each stage of cellular respirationglycolysis:-inputs- glucose-outputs- 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvatesbridge reaction:-inputs- 2 pyruvates-outputs- 2 acetyl coA's, 2 NADHkrebs cycle:-2 turns needed to break down one molecule of glucose-inputs- 2 acetly coA's-outputs- 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATPelectron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation:-inputs-
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