GEA1000 Quiz 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 An Exploration of Connections I Where is it Why is it there Why does it matter a The questions where and why are central to geography b Geographers seek to understand why different places have different sights sounds smells and arrangements of features c Aspects of geographical analysis i Landscape observation ii Descriptions of the Earth s surface and consideration of the natural environment iii Spatial Analysis the study of how people objects or ideas are related to one another across space iv The use of different scales of analysis v Cartography the making of maps d Geography as an academic discipline links the physical sciences geology physics chemistry biology and botany with the social sciences anthropology sociology history economics and political science e Examples of Geographic Inquiry i How and why people came to occupy a particular place ii How people use the physical aspects of that place to suit their needs iii How people may create environmental problems iv How people interact with other places far and near II Geographers Visual Tools a Cartographer geographers who specialize in depicting geographic information b Legend A small box on a map that provides basic info about how to read the c Longitude also called meridians run from pole to pole d Latitude also called parallels run around the Earth parallel to the equator e The Globe is divided into hemispheres The Northern and Southern hemispheres are on either side of the equator f The distance between lines of longitude decreases toward the poles g All lines of longitude are of equal length h The equator is at 0 degrees latitude i When midnight falls at the International Date Line the calendar day officially on maps map begins j Map projections the various ways pf showing the spherical Earth on a flat surface i All projections contain some distortion III The Region as a Concept a Region a unit of the Earth s surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features and or distinct patterns of human development b Traits of Regions i No two regions are necessarily defined by the same set of attributes ii Regional definitions and the territory included often chance iii The boundaries of regions are usually indistinct and hard to agree upon iv Regions can vary greatly in size scale IV POPULATION a It took between 1 million and 2 million years for humans to evolve and reach a global population of 2 billion which happened around 1945 b Between 1945 and 2009 Earth s population roughly tripled c Earth s human population on Earth in 2011 was approximately 7 billion d In some of the countries of Central Europe the population is aging and declining due to low birth and death rates If a country s population pyramid is pyramid shaped with a wide band at the bottom and a narrower band at the top the best description of this country s population is that there are many more very young people than very old people in this country double day refers to a situation in which women work a day job but retain their household duties e f g Gender roles that designate females as second class citizens are NOT rare in societies outside of North America V Development a Examples of Extractive resources i Mineral ores ii Timber iii Plants b Human resources are skills and brainpower which are used to transform extractive resources into useful products or bodies of knowledge c GNI gross national income a common measure of a country s economic output defined as the total production of the goods and services in a country divided by the country s population d Extractive resources are utilized by mining and agricultural practices e Development may decrease human well being by having negative effects on the f environment Food security can be diminished by natural disasters economic disruptions and overproduction in rich countries g HDI considers education and life expectancy in addition to income in determining the social well being of a particular population VI URBANIZATION a Sustainable agriculture farming that meets human needs without degrading or depleting the environment b The push pull phenomenon of urbanization pushes people out of rural areas and pulls them into cities VII Globalization a Profit is the key goal of multinational corporations b Tariffs and import quotas are two mechanisms that nations use to protect their VIII economies against foreign competition Water directly or indirectly in a year IX Global Warming a A persons water footprint is the best measure of how much water a person uses a Global warming theory holds that increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere are gradually trapping more heat from the sun X Physical Geography Perspectives a Plate tectonic theory posits that Earth s surface is composed of large plates that float on a layer of molten rock b Mountain ranges are formed when two continental plates collide c Warm air does hold more moisture than cold air d Human geographers do NOT study climate patterns e Human geographers are NOT interested in the spatial distribution of physical processes such as earthquakes and volcanoes XI Human and Cultural Geography Perspectives a European languages replaced many local languages is a statement that reflects an impact of colonization on the global pattern of languages b Race is a social or political construct based solely on superficial characteristics such as skin color or face shape c The more common term for culture group is ethnic group d Although cultures may share some core beliefs they may also disagree on a number of other values