Kin Final Review Exam 1 Intro to Kinesiology Agonist muscle performing action Antagonist muscle opposing the action Synergist muscle helping the action Flexion bend Extension straighten Basic Vs Applied Research Basic mathematics not direct contact research Applied Physical fitness testing and direct research Nature of Evidence Anecdotal newspapers magazines Scientific scientific journal professional reviews Difference post pre prex100 Chapter 2 Muscle Muscle Anatomy Motor Unit a motor neuron and all of the fibers it innervates muscle fibers react to certain motor neuron Neuromuscular Junction nervous system makes connection to muscular system Muscle Fibers Fast Twitch high force few capillaries white fatiguable anaerobic metabolism Slow Twitch low force aerobic red many capillaries Fatigue resistant Innervation Ratio how many muscle fibers are connected to the motor neuron Muscle Contraction Vesicle nervous system end of the motor neuron Receptor Receptor Site sensitive to the chemical in the vesicle from the motor neuron Myosin Thick Protein Actin Thin Protein Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric static NO change in muscle joint maximal force Isotonic dynamic change in length of muscle and angle of joint Repetition Maximum Concentric muscle shortening Eccentric muscle lengthening Exercise Metabolism Sources of Energy Immediate in muscle Short Term glucose Long Term fat stores Anaerobic Metabolism Immediate Energy creation without O2 ATP and CP Short Term Glycolysis goal is to make ATP from glucose most stored as glycogen in muscle liver Glycogenolysis glycogen glucose Lactate muscle contractions impaired by H acidosis Good energy Bad interferes with muscle contraction Ugly acidosis Lactic Acid Shuttle Lactic Acid from FT fibers supply energy to ST Fibers Glucose Paradox glycogen supply is limited Fat Metabolism largely in subcutaneous tissues glycerol 3 FFA free fatty acids tryglyceride beta oxidation facilitated by epinephrine caffeine Respiration Exercise Purpose provides 02 removes CO2 H H20 Phases 1 Ventilation 2 External Respiration exchange of gases takes place in lunge end of bronchii 3 Gas Transport transport 02 into the blood 4 Internal Respiration 02 c02 transfer in cells Relative Humidity total moisture air can absorb Calorimetry Direct measure heat directly Indirect measures indirectly Utilization of 02 oxygen uptake V02 VO2 Max maximum oxygen consumed amount of volume consumed per minute kg of body weight Assessments Rockport Walk Test Balke Test Factors Affecting V02 Max Heredity Age Gender Circulation Respiration affected by temp and H Bohr effect Increased temp or increased acidity curve shirts Myoglobin O2 carrier in muscle contains one iron molecule strenuous exercise Second Wind Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction Airway narrowing following vigorous exercise Thermal Hypothesis Osmotic Hypothesis Provides Energy Substrate O2 Removes Metabolic end products H and CO2 Components Heart Stroke Volume Heart Exercise Left Ventricle size is important Heart rate Resting Heart Rate decreases w training increases w altitude Increases with effort HRmax 220 age Stroke Volume volume pumped per beat depends on LV size Cardiac Output HRxSV Heart Rate Variability Too much Arrhythmia Too little chaos theory Blood Pressure 2 Components 1 Systolic Highest pressure 2 Diastolic Lowest Pressure Variability 7mm Hg Diastolic pressure is resistant to flow during exercise Systolic pressure increases Blood pressure cardiac output x total peripheral resistance Specificity a specific exercise in a specific individual elicits a specific training Delorme Overload principle exercise must include increase in frequency Blood Distribution during exercise 84 Active Muscle 16 Other Training Adaptations Exercise Training response intensity and or duration Types of Anaerobic Training Strength Training Isometric Dynamic Delorme Progressive Resistance Exercise specificity Power Training combines force and time Power force X distance time sport activity specificity Short Term Training sprinting rowing activities lasting 10 30 seconds Anaerobic Training Adaptations Hypertrophy capable of producing more force fibers change in size Hyperplasia fibers split increasing the number of muscle fibers Capillarization increase in of capillaries Aerobic Training Continuous Training long distance Interval repeated bouts less lactate more overall work less fatigue Aerobic System Changes increase mitochondria myoglobin aerobic fat metabolism Circulation Heart size increase in wall thickness blood stroke volume Lactate Threshold increase in training leads to increase in threshold Environmental Physiology Environmental Factors Temperature Pressure Air pollution How Heat is Transferred Conduction within body Convection particle movement Radiation exchanged without a transfer medium affected by object color Evaporation exchanged by water loss Heat Illnesses Heat Cramps least harmful involuntary muscle spasm Heat Exhaustion weak pulse profuse sweating Heat Stroke hyperthermia no sweating potentially fatal Exercise in Cold head loses 30 of heat Air Pollution CO competes for hemoglobin better than O2 Exercise Weight Control Healthy BMI 20 25 Set Point Theory internal notion of how many calories a person should intake or burn BMR decreases with caloric restoration at moderate amount of exercise appetite is lowest Hazards of Weight Cycling yo yo dieting Slows down resting metabolic rate increases abdominal fat Subsequent weight loss more difficult Ergogenic Aids a substance or procedure that might improve performance Testing Ergogenic Aids Hawthorne Effect know your e being examined so your performance is different bettter than it would be ordinarily Placebo Effect if you think you are taking something to improve you your performance you will do better Experimental group drug treatment Control group no drug treatment Placebo group pseudo drug treatment perform over time Floor ceiling effect Experimental group starting lower more room to improve than control and placebo group rather want to have all groups start at the same level Worse than nothing all three groups start at same level but experimental group got worse No change in placebo control group but experimental group becomes better than it could be a potential ergogenic aid Double Blind Design subject participating does not know what group they are in as well as the experimenter does not know what group each participant is in Problems with Steroids increase in