KIN 100 1st Edition Lecture 21● Kinesthesis○ position of limb and body in space○ Receptors■ muscle spindles- length receptors● located in muscle● sense length and rate of change of length of muscle■ tendon organs- force receptors● located in tendon■ Joint receptors- angle receptors● angle at which joint is placed● can help determine where limb is in space● specific receptors fire action potentials for specific angles■ vestibular system- body position● position of head, eyes, neck● can determine orientation of entire body● located in inner ear● helps with balance■ skin receptors● skin stretches with changes in position● can determine location from this○ areas of brain can learn some functions of other part of the brain■ same is true for other parts of the nervous system○ visions■ dominant sense, prefer to use over other senses○ kinesthesis■ know where objects are without vision● little kid dribbling basketball must look at ball,● pro player doesn’t need to, can tell where ball isThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.■○ The group that starts learning without vision improves slower than the group with vision until they are allowed to use vision. Then they improve much faster than the group that could always see○ Information processing errors■ brown passing ball to worthy● information that he was there was available so mistake must have been from perception of info■ Signal/Noise ratio● parents want to be involved in little league● use shirts that are all white on front black in back.● sit way in back, when our team is batting, wear blackfacing forward, when other team is batting, wear white.○ makes is easier/harder to see ball■ Feedback● information used to improve movement● Internal (intrinsic) feedback○ receptors● external feedback○ knowledge of performance (KP)■ movement pattern info■ kinematic feedback● acceleration styles etcGolf scorePre testPost test 1posttest 2no visionvisionno visionboth groups had vision○ knowledge of results (KR)■ what your score was from the action○ Theories of Motor Learning■ closed-loop theory● feedback■ open-loop theory● no feedback● pre-programmed○ usually more rapid■ can’t adjust during motion because it happens within reaction time○ Physiology of motor learning● long term potentiation○ repeated stimulation of one synapse changes the synapse○ inhibition- causes decrease instead of increase● Cellular mechanics○ synaptogenesis■ new and strengthened synapses● occurs throughout lifespan○ somatotopic organization■ areas in brain(cerebral cortex) are designated to certain body parts● areas of body that are used more have larger sections■ plasticity● areas in brain change with learning■ cerebellumneuroninputsynapseoutputrepeated stimulation changes synapseLong term potentiation (LTP)● major motor learning siteonly produces inhibitory action
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