Lecture 2Sport and exercise psychology How is the mind connected to human movement? What psychological factors contribute to injury? Why do some exercise programs fail? What mindset is important during performance? How does the brain control circulation? Respiration? Sports medicine Issues regarding sports injury, disease, and treatment Who gets injured? What factors influence physical fitness?What injury or disease factors limit performance? How are injuries prevented? What new treatments benefit human movement? What new factors produce “injury proneness”? Basic vs. Applied Research both basic and applied are necessary Basic research…………………………..…..mathematics Somewhat applied research……………….biochemistry very applied research……………………….physical fitness Example- strength training BasicMath- Can we describe muscle contraction mathematically? Biophysicist- How do individual muscle molecule produce force?Neuromuscular physiologist- How does the nervous system coordinate muscle contraction?Sports scientist- What is the optimal strength training technique?Athlete- How can I achieve great muscle strength?AppliedContinuum of Movement PerformanceSubnormal PerformanceTypical/NormalSupernormal-Physically impaired-Athlete-disabledinjuriesAll sections of spectrum are studied- advantages and disadvantagesThe Nature of EvidenceAnecdotal evidence newspapers; media; internetgoal is to interest the reader not always correct/factual Scientific evidence data from experiments and studies Goes through process experiment -> data -> analysis -> new knowledge-> panel of experts-> published? Who is an expert? scientific expert already published has knowledge in area of research Inappropriate research methods testimonials statement claiming fact“I tried this and lost 30 pounds is 30 days!” Statistical misuse of information lying with statistics “Twice as effective” 1% effective and 2% effective are not that different Statistical notations Average (mean) - sum of all values divided by number of values % difference- (Final value-initial value) divided by the initial value Anatomical terms medial- toward the midlinelateral- toward side ipsilateral- same side contralateral- otherside anterior- front of body posterior- back of body Muscles bicep muscle- forearm flexor tricep muscle- forearm extensor quadriceps- anterior thigh- 4 different muscles hamstring- posterior thigh- multiple muscles Other terms agonist- the muscle performing the actionantagonist- muscle that opposes the action synergist- muscle that helps the action Muscle actions Flexion- bend extension-
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