Kin 100 1st Edition Lecture 11Ergogenic Aids● A substance that might improve performance○ speed○ strength○ endurance○ speed of recovery● Different Types○ Mechanical■ shoes, swimsuits○ Pharmacological■ creatine/ steroids○ Physiological■ doping○ Nutritional■ vitamins○ Psychological■ cheering● Testing Ergogenic Aids○ Hawthorne Effect■ people change their behavior when they know they are being watchedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.■ people who are given a fitness monitor might go to the gym more frequently than they normally do○ Placebo Effect■ People who believe they are receiving a treatment might see improvements even if they don’t receive the actual treatment.○ Experiment Set-up■ Experimental group● receive treatment● ex. receive weight loss pill■ Control group● nothing changes● receive no treatment■ Placebo group● receive placebo● receive sugar pill■ Want to see change in experimental group and not control or placebo○ Example: Weight loss Pill■ Targeted for people with BMI over 30 (obese)*graphs taken directly from lecture slidesDoes not work● No weight lossPlacebo effect ● Psychological change○ not due to pill, so not successTime effect ● everyone lost weight over time○ not due to pill, so not successFloor/ceiling effect ● Limit on how much it can help○ pill can only help lose the first 10 lbs○ success but not completely, not greatWorse than nothing ● experimental group gets worse, treatment has opposite effect○ experimental group gains weightSuccess ● Experimental group improves○ only experimental group loses weight○ Double blind study■ neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in which group● aim is to reduce bias from participator or experimenter■ not possible in all studies● Potential Ergogenic Aids○ Diet-food and fluid intake■ best method● eating nutritious food■ consume nutrients through meals● more natural● easier to absorb■ Practice eating regimen for a competition before the competition○ Vitamins■ water soluble- no accumulation in body● C, B- important for exercise and muscle tissue repair■ fat soluble- stay in body● can overdose○ solved by correct intake ● A, D○ Mineral Supplements■ Calcium● bones■ Iron● hemoglobin● Reasons for using Ergogenic Aids○ low pH● acidic● exercise decreases pH in body■ Alkaline salts-basic, act as buffer● equalize blood pH○ normally 7.4○ can drop to 6.8● bicarbonate- baking soda● useful for short bursts of intense activity○ lactic acid generated○ 2-4 min○ more helpful in untrained individuals○ Pain■ analgesics= pain killers■ NSAIDS-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs● aspirin○ blocks FFA release○ detrimental to endurance performance■ cells can’t repair themselves■ don’t gain same benefits○ implications for injury■ heart attacks■ can further any injury if pain is not felt■ kidney damage● gastrointestinal bleeding○ Increase endurance■ caffeine● improves FFA utilization● bad- increases HR and BP● good- spares muscle glycogen by increasing CHO absorption● may reduce fatigue perception● limitations○ normal amount is allowed for college athletes○ can lead to heart issues■ affects myocardial circulation○ can be addicting○ Carbo loading■ deplete glycogen stores 1 wk before race● hard training run, exhaust self■ during week before taper off activity■ high carb diet night before● increases muscle glycogen■ can take energy gels during race○ Increase muscle mass■ protein loading● help repair and rebuild● diet● increase proteins, decrease CHO and fats■ Protein powders● many different options● potentially hazardous○ can affect kidney○ dehydration○ weight gain● not useful for everyone○ good for those increasing or starting exercise○ vegans- don’t always get enough protein from normal diet● 9 essential amino acids- can’t be produced by body● branched chain- amino acid r group○ high quality proteins■ anabolic steroids● limited to clinical use○ ex. AIDS patients■ muscle atrophy■ short term effects- rebuild muscle■ Androstenedione● steroid hormone○ increases testosterone○ increases strength??○ Banned NCAA○ Problems■ increases chances of cardiovascular disease■ closure of growth plates in adolescents ■ liver■ aggression/ mood changes■ Creatine● mechanism○ CP + ADP <-> ATP + Creatine■ immediate energy○ more creatine -> increase in CP● high in meats and fish● most beneficial in individuals with low creatine○ vegetarians● floor vs ceiling effect○ helpful to a certain point● idea○ increase CP ○ increase strength○ no endurance benefits● problems○ increases dehydration○ increases likelihood of kidney damage○ Increase O2 in muscles■ Erythropoietin (EPO)● increase red blood cells○ normal blood■ plasma 55%■ white blood cells/ platelets 1%■ red blood cells 45%○ doped blood■ plasma 50%■ white blood cells/ platelets 1%■ red blood cells 50%● O2 dissociation curve○ increased intake of O2 doesn’t help if red blood cells are full○ need to increase red blood cells to have an effect● blood doping○ reinject blood cells from before to increase number of red blood cells○ regulated in sports and competitions○ Other■ hypnosis● no proven benefit■ mental imagery● imagining activity● useful for learning ○ The future■ genetic manipulation● myostatin gene○ regulates proteins, prevents too much● child without gene can develop fully functional muscles very