02 28 2014 Anything highlighted like this is vocab from her study guide everything else I have is detailed notes from class also referred to on the study guide she created The Yanomamo Cultural Systems The Organization of Society Who are they How do anthropologists classify cultures Elman Service s 4 levels of society 1960s multiple pathways to get to different societies but we can see patterns within various culture band tribal chiefdom state No ultimate end of state society solely a classification scheme 4 parts to the cultural system 1 Social organization 2 Political 3 Economical 4 Ideological Political Organizations Developed by Elman Service band tribe chiefdom state They can share characteristics of various societies What is the criterion used to describe culture Social organization How do people group themselves together political organization Who are their leaders economic organization What is their religion or origin story ideology Band Society Hunters and Gatherers Hazda Inuit approximately 40 bands present today Characteristics time with family no hierarchy within the society egalitarian no political leader justice system is determined by the whole community band no permanent villages mobile society small community couple of dozens max of 100 shelters made from resources from the natural environment or landscapes just leave houses when it is time to move no subordination from one group to another basketry and skin and hides Social Org family age gender Political Org None Economics no classes Ideology does not follow any organized or institutionalized religions based primarily on the natural environment animals water environment animism belief that the natural world around you has spiritual essences and beings within them acknowledge the fact they are taking a spiritual being out of the environment with every animal or plant killed shaman responsible for healing sharing of folklore medicines and doctors knowledge of animals and botany storytellers and entertainers Tribal Society Native American societies Characteristics do not move permanent settlement cultivation of agriculture extent varies large surpluses to horticulture possibility of livestock Social Org There are social status levels Whoever is related to leader generally is of a higher social status minimal Political Org presence of political leader name varies leader settles internal and external conflicts wars against other villages some will have more power than others degree of influence varies Economics agriculture or herding rare to have economic status levels because the tribe shares can have large scale trading with outside society if needed job specialization potters and weavers they do make excess goods Ideology still animistic because of dependence on environment they may or may not have a more complex system of gods which are a reflection of social statuses in the culture gods will generally reflect their beliefs gods of wind water sun rain and warfare qualities Chiefdoms Characteristics construction of manmade monuments presence of an urban area and smaller villages surrounding can have tens of thousands of peoples but not millions monuments for religious significance and status levels and to show power Social Org Family age and gender Political Org presence of bureaucracy and various leaders assisting justice system such as judges warrior class or army leadership most often inherited delegation of duties most often an inherited leader leader does not have to settle every conflict Economics at the least an upper and lower class varies by community Ideology vast number of possibilities presence of hierarchy in religious beliefs and gods Material Culture This now can be imported or from within Social Stratification Changes With chiefdoms there comes changes on social stratification that are based on wealth not necessarily money power ability to control others gain prestige and fame of individual family or clan ie chief person does not necessarily have all of this prestige States Characteristics an autonomous political unit sovereign independent unit encompassing many communities within its territory having a centralized government with the power to collect taxes draft men for work or war and decree and enforce law Territory and population is much larger Social Org similar to chiefdom Political leadership may or may not be inherited various types of gaining leadership Economics different status levels and access specializations Org Ideology does not need everyone to conform to the same religion but they can Multiple settlements and local and imported materials Evolution and system evaluation 19th century concept of progress Do societies have to evolve through all four stages for example from tribal to chiefdom No There is no one way of progression and no concept of judgment of inferiority superiority Holistic ethnography comprehensive of an entire society Deals with all aspects of a study Fieldwork objective is to know as much as possible about the culture The Yanomami Located on the border of Venezuela and Brazil Physical Environment Amazon rainforest jungle Hot wet lush green Subsistence Horticulture small scale agriculture slash and burn agriculture What foods do they eat Peach palm fruit Nuts Plantains Corn yucca etc Meats fish river people monkeys wild pigs and boar turtles insects spiders etc Dogs used to hunt monkeys birds crocodiles etc only inland afraid of the river Foot people River people navigate the river with canoes Can fish and trade this way Hardly ever a shortage of food bc there are so many resources Labor there is a sexual division of labor Males hunters and some gardening tasks Do all the cooking cook things extremely well no blood showing at all Women responsible for gathering primary caregivers for children at about 6 y o boys can go on hunting trips Fishing is a task for both genders Reciprocity Primary value of the Yanomamo as with the Mescalero They share everything All food clothes etc Men can not eat their own kill must give it away and eat something someone gives them only exception to this is during a feast where there is a communal plate can consume what you gather from your personal garden o But try to give it away to others if they can Settlement Patterning Shabono circular village hand constructed circular with open air central plaza at center sloped ceilings around edges individual rooms only separated by two posts sleep in hammocks hanging from these poles