Unformatted text preview:

ANT 3212 Exam 2: Yanomamo by Napoleon ChagnonYanomamo key terms:Ebene: hallucinogenic drug in powdered form. Used by shamans to communicate with hekura as religious practice.Hekura: spirit that lives inside Yanomamo. Supposed to keep their host well, protect them, and ward off enemies. Can be influenced by outsiders/magic of enemies. If they pull your hekura out of you, you sicken and die.Waiteri: Fierce. Earned by fighting, being a warrior, inter-village warfare.Bisaasi-teri: villages that Chagnon visits with frequently – includes Kaobawa’s village.Shamateri: congeries of interrelated villages to the south. Long history of bitter warfare with the Bisaasi-teri.Unokai: a man who has killed another man.Shabono: Permanent house and central plaza. Lasts about 2 years.Cultural Systems (02/04-02/06)•How do anthropologists classify cultures?o4 parts to cultural system• Social: family/kinship group, age, gender, job specialization, etc.How do people group themselves?•Political: civil laws, justice system, defense system, laws, etc.Who are their leaders?• Economic: Basic needs -- food, shelter, clothing. Yanomamo: hunt, horticulture, gathering.How does one meet their subsistence? •Ideology: religious behaviors, beliefs, laws, customs, etc.What as their religious organization like?oElman Service's 4 levels of society• Band: ex's.: Kung! Son, Inuit, Eskimo.Very small society -- 1 dozen to 40 people. Move every 3 weeks -- following food, hunting as they go along. Eat 80% vegetables in 20% game. Social organization: by kinship. Also gender and age.Political: group consensus -- everyone with equal say. No leader or chief.Economic: Egalitarian -- no different status levels, everyone is the same. Ideology: Shaman(ism): Religion associated with medicine arts. No religious leader, but often religious practitioner needed for healing (Shaman). •Anyone can be a Shaman, but they are usually called (religiously).Materials: All from environment. Hunting tools and gathering materials. Jewelry, instruments -- small things, easy to take with them. Animal skins for shelter.• Tribe: ex's.: Iroquois, Yanomamo. Around 1,000 people.Social: Relationship to leader affects social position/standing.Political: LeaderEconomy: Agricultural. Not a lot of differentiation between economic statuses among individuals. No cash economy - mostly trading/bartering.Ideological: may or may not have religious leadersPermanent settlements -- material culture. Ability to store surplus foods and goods -- pottery. Use of locally available resources.Degree of interaction between tribal and state societies.•Chiefdom: ex's.: Cahokia (prehistoric), Trobrianders -- mostly throughout Oceania and very mixed with state societies. 10,000s of people.1ANT 3212 Exam 2: Yanomamo by Napoleon ChagnonSocial: ranking/different statuses. Specialty groups -- based on occupations and hobbies.Political: leader makes important decisions of war, defense, etc.Economy: different statuses (variety)Ideological: different temples -- related to social status. Religious leaders now only practice religion as their occupation -- can be the same as political leader.Large scale, organized labor to build structures/mounds. Materials from outside chiefdom used -- large trading network with central market place.Central placed settlement pattern: capital of chiefdom and villages surrounding central capital. Everyone goes back and forth between capital and villages. •Buying, trading, markets -- all in capital.Social stratification changes: based on wealth, power, and prestige.• State: an autonomous political unit encompassing many communities within its territory, having a centralized govt. with the power to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and decree and enforce laws (by Robert Carneiro). Sort of a collection of chiefdoms -- many large centers w/surrounding communities controlled by state.Political: one person in charge but also vast bureaucracy. Conflict/military leaders possibly different from political/domestic leaders.Economic: cash economy or exchange -- always market economy. Multiple classes, often many.Ideology: states used to have theocracy or state society of one type of religion. Presently, states have multiple religions for the most part.Settlements: large scale cities, urban centers, many types of settlements.oEvolution and progress: 19th century concept•Societies don’t have to evolve through all four levels. There is no need to change or adapt when existing bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are currently surviving as they are. However, they can change if they choose the luxuries of state societies.• Societies at "lower levels" aren’t inferior or more primitive than those at "upper levels”•Not all societies fit into this classification scheme -- these are generalizations. • Not all members adhere to the definitions. There is no “primitive" or "inferior" in anthropology. Hadza hunter-gatherers are the best adapted for what they do. We could not survive or thrive in their environment. They don't have complex systems like us, but they are not lesser-than us.•Socio-political organizationoEveryone today lives in nation-states.oIdeally everybody participates in the government of the nation-state they live in.oGroups may also organize in smaller units with socio-political structures separate from those of the nation-state.oThe traditional social organization governs everyday life. Cultural Ecology (02/06-2/11)• The Peoples We'll Read About•Mescalero: evolving to state society• Yanomamo: tribal society, becoming involved in state politics to preserve rights•Economic organization• Setting of fieldwork: South America, border of Venezuela and Brazil•Cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, culture shock2ANT 3212 Exam 2: Yanomamo by Napoleon Chagnon•Cultural ecology: environment determines how people live• Subsistence: mainly fruits from gardens, also fame animals•Settlement patternGardens: must settle where a garden can be cultivatedFissioning: villages split after a certain carrying capacity or if conflicts occur• Ethnography types•Holistic: Comprehensive, deals with all aspects of study, fieldwork objective is to know as much about a culture as possible (Yanomamo by Chagnon)• Focused: singular, deals with one primary topic, fieldwork objective is focused on primary topic although you may learn more from other


View Full Document
Download Exam 2
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 2 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?