THE HADZA The Hadza area Where are they What is their physical environment like Flora fauna water How do they subsist What are the tools they use They live in northern Tanzania in the eastern Rift Valley They surround Lake Eyasi they call Balangida Part of Serengeti National Park An area rich in hominin fossils All those species that share with us a common ancestor that diverged from the ancestor of our closest living relatives 6 7 mya Flora and Fauna have not changed much since the Pliocene began 5 3 mya Dry season June November Four regions of Hadzaland 250 in each o Mangola North Ranges from Barari River to Endamagha Underground spring runoff from Mount Oldeani Water creates a marsh Tribes are farming onions there now Wide range of plant and animal species o Sipunga Southeast of Mangola Hilly baobab trees North end of the Udahaya River is a canopy forest Steep rocky slopes Hadza live here sheltered from fierce winds East are the Mbulu highlands plateau where rainfall is much higher Form southeastern end of Hadza country o Tli ika southeast side Rocky and wooded range of hills that runs parallel to Lake Eyasi on the Yaeda valley many gazelles Most remote bush camps Only a few plentiful water holes game is plentiful in the hills South is Munguli where Isanzu agro pastoralists grow maize and millet and keep herds of goats and cows Along border had most extensive contact and intermarriage in the early 20th century o Dunduiya Western part Eastern Rift steep cliffs Rich in game Sparsely populated Abuts the Serengeti National Park Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Maswa Game Reserve Elevation sets a limit All Hadza live below 1 700 meters Majority mix foraging with various other activities Some guard the maize fields of their non Hadza neighbors receiving maize and the meat of the raiding baboons and vervet monkeys they kill in return Almost no livestock or cultivated fields Tools used for subsistence are called subsistants Pg 75 Not altered before use i e a hammerstone Altered When women cut and sharpen sticks o Naturefacts o Artifacts o Implements tools o Facilities Techno unit Traps Control the movement of prey when untended One tool or component of a tool Hammerstone and digging stick have one techno unit Knife might have two if it has only a blade inserted into a handle with no binding and three with binding Early tools were often naturefacts Butchering and skinning animals seems unlikely Men always have bows and arrows knives axes and fire drills with them when they during the earliest hominins leave camp On average 6 5 hours Societal Evolution How does the ethnographic present compare to prehistoric foragers Hadza had whole area to themselves until the 1950 s Scullcap Several sites with rock art Do not create rock art today None of the art includes farmers or herders About 2500 years ago herding people from Somalia and Ethiopia who were probably Cuchitic speakers moved into the Rift Valley of Kenya and northern Tanzania During the 1800 s slave and ivory trades increased Do not know if affected by slave trade but they were affected by the ivory trade killing of Elephants Interact most with Iraqw Datoga Isanzu and Sukuma None closely related to Hadza During the late Pleistocene earth was colder and drier and foragers had larger home ranges than now What are their settlements like How do these change with their mobility and the seasons What are their social lives like small mobile camps that move with ease no political structure of any kind moves do not require a leader not until women are ready does a move happen once women have exhausted nearby resource patches and have to walk too far men usually forage alone women always forage in groups when water is plentiful they prefer smaller camps camps from 2 100 people camps tend to be larger in the dry season fewer watering holes larger camps o more segregation by sex o more bickering o men provide less direct care to children o more generous but can also sneak food move 6 5 times a year move less than in the past main constraint on camp locations is water camps often on a hill tendency for the core group to rotate through the same locations in a somewhat seasonal pattern across the year Economy Subsistence What is their material culture like Sexual division of labor What foods do they eat How much do they work How do they forage Sex difference begins at an early age soon after weaning Females do much more pounding across all ages and the time spent pounding climbs with age Females spend more time processing or preparing food than males do More similar to earlier hominins with tools and foraging activities than males Tools for carrying are used the most pound baobab or marula nuts with hammerstones when young Men Need to have 15 or 20 arrows at all times Spend much of their time in camp working on arrows Have a higher mean number of techno units than the tools used by Main caveats is that they possess iron make tools more efficient than females they would have been Pg 99 Usually hunt alone perfect median foragers males return rates female return rates when the men were asked to find and dig tubers Nighttime baboon stalking is a group affair conducted only a handful of times each year Hate snakes The poison the men smear on their arrowheads made of the boiled sap of the desert rose is powerful enough to bring down a giraffe But it cannot kill a full grown elephant If hunters come across a recently dead elephant they will crawl inside and cut out meat and organs and fat and cook them over a fire Sometimes rather than drag a large animal back to camp the entire camp will move to the carcass Pure fat rather than meat is what the Hadza crave Most of the diet is eaten in camp two thirds Most food sharing occurs in camp Some have food while others do not increases opportunities for scrounging In camp sharing is strongest with meat 80 In camp sharing weakest with berries eaten on the spot What are their food sharing and cooperation techniques Why do they cooperate Epeme Adulthood stage What is the relationship with meat rituals taboos and gender Epeme refers to the whole complex of manhood and hunting but also to the new moon and the relationship between the sexes Fully adult men are referred to as elati or epeme men When a male is in his early 20s and kills a big game animal he becomes an epeme or fully adult male Teenagers sometimes try early but usually not until 20 25 Females and sub adult males cannot eat the meat If not epeme you can