1o Nation State- a large geo-political entity that unifies several ethno-linguistic entities. ▪ Nations can be identified by: 1. Ethnicities2. Language 3. Government/Politics ®The Unites States was a peculiar geo-political entity that occupied North America. Immigration is a part of our national identity and history. >In order to approach the history of the U.S we must decide when it begins? 1607-Founding of Jamestown 1620-Plymouth colony founded 1765-1st national congress1789- Federal gov’t established, constitution is ratified. 1800- Thomas Jefferson called his election and said it was this time when Americans were able to express their political will and shape what is now known as the federal gov’t.1865- The end of the Civil War, union of the North and South. The challenge of American History: >How do we tell the story of many people who migrated to North American and still involve political entity? ®13,000-15,000years ago- first people to inhabit North America. Bering Land Bridge: during the last great ice age, the lowered sea levels uncovered land between Siberia and Alaska. This allowed human beings to migrate from Asia to North America and make their way to the south. >What qualities do all immigrates share? 1. Mobilityo Trade ▪ Maps showing pathways of how goods traveled reveals there was frequent movement. ▪ Trade vectors denote that goods were being taken to different places among Native Americans 2. Adaptability2o Money ▪ All engaged in different economic conduct. ▪ Relative sophisticated thinking about value in an economic sense. ▪ Beads and shells known as Wampum was used in long island as currency, it was also used symbolically as a nice gesture. ▪ Fur from animal hides was in high demand by the European Traders.o Agriculture ▪ The mounts found support our theory that these people now had time to build mounts because of the food stability agriculture introduced. ▪ These societies changed from a hunter gather society to an agriculture society. ▪ Agriculture allowed people to use less time focusing on food and spend time and energy on other things. ▪ Agriculture allows you to anticipate food supply. ▪ Having stable food supply, people had time to focus ona. Religionb. Tradec. Economy ▪ Teocentli was modified into maize, a grain-like edible food that is preserved for a long time and is easy to farm. ▪ Other food ways: NW coast, Washington State had an abundance of Salmon in the Celilo falls and fisheries were established and salmon patties were traded. 3. Diversity ▪Types of Housing ▪ 329 North America languages (before European contact) ▪ Language is a way for non-literate people to identify themselves through speech▪ Dwelling shows diversity▪ Teepees were a late invention ®Seminoles3▪ Lived around the rivers and creeks of South Georgia and Alabama. ▪ Spoke Muskogean but were called “creeks” by the European fur traders.▪ Escaping refuge from the English colonial settlers, they migrated south.▪ Florida was a Spanish conquered area. ▪ African and Native American slaves who fled St.Augustine and other Spanish settlements along the Camino Real b/w St. Augustine and other Mission St. Louis were called Cimarrones. ▪ Cimarrones: means ‘feral’, wild or unruly. ▪ Due to language barrier these Muscogean speaker could not pronounce the “rr” sound therefore were not able to call themselves what the Europeans called them. ▪ The name later became Anglicized and it changed from –Cimarrones—Cimalones—and what today we know as Seminoles (earth 19th century) >What did the Europeans find in America? “Strange, brave wilderness”; thought they encountered a utopian land. ▪ Governor Bradford of Plymouth Plantation sends emissaries to meet Massasoit (1621) who was the leader of a local native group called Wampanoag. ▪ England gives lots of documentary evidence of what they experienced. Ex. Illness, epidemic, & hardships. o The colonial period begins…New group of very mobile, adaptive and diverse people begin arriving by sea from a strange place called “Europe”England Colonies: -Jamestown, VA (1607)-Plymouth Colony (1620)-Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) > Why did they come?o Pushes- internal, domestic factors (compelled England to move beyond its boundaries, drive English to America)1. England faces its own demographic crisis. ▪ 1550-1600: England population doubles (2.5 mil-5 mil)4▪ Why is population boom a problem? Society is stagnant. ▪ This is pre-capitalist age: Innovation and economic expansion are happening at a slower rate than population growth. >Problems? A. Inflation: more people competing for limited resources results in higher prices for those resources. B. Reduction in real wages- wages fall, unemployment rises. o Intervention—16th century—1500-1599 2. Economic change ▪ The enclosures: monarchs allowed land owners to transform agricultural land into pasture lands (hence enclosure to denote the fenced in nature of pastures) ▪ Sheep= wool clothing which made raw material for clothing to be in high demand. >Consequences of Problems?A. Cost of living goes up because food prices grow up, since less land is being used for food. B. Drove large numbers of peasants from the land. C. “Cotiers” or “Cotters”- a new class of lardiers peasants named for the cots they carries around with them. >Why did the English monarchs do this? ▪ Money▪ Although they have land, they need a liquid ascent to invest and trade. (Spain had $$ at the time) >Consequences of the “pushes”?▪ More people and little expansion of resources= high prices, less work ▪ Crime ▪ Vagrancy (homelessness) ▪ Idleness (unemployment which is a crime) ▪ Revolt?5>What did the English believe causes the social problems? ▪ Idleness ▪ Problems are the responsibility of the individual NOT the state (gov’t) ▪ Individual + broad economic problems = Idleness▪ If people don’t work, they produce too many kids, can’t provide and end up homeless. o 16th century England job: Agriculture▪Demographic shift and economic change= not enough land to provide jobs. Solution: Get people out of the country and begin to build colonies▪Provides legitimate reasoning to colonize land overseas to dump idle people. 3. Religious conflict▪ Protestant Reformation an on-going process in 16th and 17th century England. ▪ Fight begins in England—to break away from Catholic to Protestants
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