1/9/13The First Americans Key Termso Beriniga: The Land Bridgeo Several hundred miles in width; connected Siberia to Alaska.o Used this bridge to cross to America.o First Americans to come across were hunter gatherers; move to where food is; this is what pulls the first Americans into the lower 48 states; use every single part of the animal.o Clovis Hunters: Were given the name because their arrowheads were found in Clovis, New Mexico.o Archaic Hunterso Great Plains Bison Hunterso Great Basin Cultureso Agriculture Revolution: Where Mexico city is now is where first agriculture developed in America. Reached US around 250 AD. Did not have to move around (hunter/gatherers) for food because you could plant your own crops and stay in one place. A lot safe too. Wholly Mammoths would beat your ass.o Anasazi: means the “old people” (name given by a later Indian tribe). Lived in 4 corners regions of the United States. (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico). Used irrigations to water the crops; had extensive fields of the three primary crops that Anasazi lived off (beans, squash, and corn). Would trade their food for goods, meats with the Indians. Had an extensive trade system based on their food. Lasted until 1250 AD; drought hits New Mexico resulting in them not being able to sustain their foods. Dispersed into smaller villages so it would be easier to feed people. First “superpower” in North America due to its food system, cities, and roads.o Mount Societies Cahokia: (Mound Builders) New “superpower” in North America. Located at now East St. Louis. Were sun worshippers; built large pyramids of dirt for ceremonial and religious purposes. Believed in the afterlife; the dead were surrounded in mounds of earthly possessions because they thought it would go with them. The friends of the dead person were killed and buried with them so they could keep them company. In 1350 AD Cahokia there was a drought and they split up. Cahokia is abandon around 1400 AD. A state park is located in Sarasota, FL.o Eastern Woodlands Algonquian: Rise to take power from the Cahokia. Lived in the Great Lakes area. Combination of a lot of different people but spoke the same language. Loved war. Rivals with the Iroquois. Iroquois: Like the Algonquian, a lot of different people but spoke the same language. Had an oral pact between tribe chiefs if one tribe were to be attacked, other tribes would help them out. Always under attack. If someone the Iroquois tribe died, they would kidnap (adopt) someone from another tribe (Algonquian) and bring them back to their tribe and they were to act just like the person that died. Would eat their opponent’sorgans because the belief that their spirit was in their organs and hoped to get their power. • Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga Muskogean• Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Natchezo Meso-American Culture: 4 million Native Americans in 1492 ADo Aztecs (Mexica): In their native language they called themselves Mexica (where Mexico got their name). Kicked out of Northern Mexico and decided they weren’t going to get kicked out anywhere else. Settled in Central Mexico and learned to fight. Didn’t kill the existing tribes of the places they took over. Instead they had those tribes pay them tribute each year in goods. Tenochtitlan: Built of stone in a lake (Present day Mexico City) and only way to get there would be from a series of bridges. Aztec Empire: Believed the universe was held together from a Sun God. IF he got mad, he would stop rotating and everything would die. Decided he would like blood so they practiced sacrificing. If you were a sacrificial victim they would take out your heart first then pour out your blood in an altar. Tens of thousands were sacrificed each year. The surrounded villages/conquered tribes were weak and couldn’t stop the Aztec until the Spanish.o Inca: Only Native American tribe in North and South America that knew of metal (all other tribes would use arrowheads and wood). Peru: Stretched along Peru, Chile, and the Andes Mountains. Incan Empire: Had 2,000 miles of roads that connected their empire. Very wealthy because the Andes Mountains had silver and gold deposits. Was ruled by a royal family and their beaurocrats. Only way to be a beaurocrat was if your were friends with the royal family. o Disease and the Native Americans: Major event that caused their downfall was that they couldn’t keep livestock or farm animals. Before the Spanish there were no disease or flees (transport disease) therefore the Native Americans did not have an immune system. When the Spanish came, the simplest cold or chicken pox would kill the Native Americans by the tens of thousands. Christopher Columbus brought syphilis back to Europe.Europe Prior to 1492Key Terms• Black Death (mid-1300s) late 1200s, early 1300s the world had a cold snap (mini ice age). People died from starvation. People that lived were affected by nutrition. After cold snap came the Black Death. Flees that fed off of corpses carried what is known as the Black Death. One infected would get a high fever from the infection and their blood vessels would pop and turn the skin to look black. One third of Europeans died from the Black Death.• Renaissance: Rebirth. Came because there were fewer working class members so they had to create machinery to do the work. Help do their jobs more efficiently. Renaissance was an attempt to return to that of the Ancient Romans and Greeks. Invention of the printing press was the most important invention of the Renaissance. Increased number of books and the number of people that could read.o Renewed Nation States (Stronger Monarchies emerge) Spain (Aragon and Castille)• Reconquista (Completed 1491)• China Tradeo Crusades (1095-1200s)o Marco Polo Travels (Published 1477)o Items Traded: Iron, Tea, Spices, Paper, Gunpowder, Silk, • Early Expansiono Portugal1/11/13The Travels of Marco Polo: • The book that made the most impact on Europe• Marco polo, his father and uncle were going to china for trade because of the crusades• Crusades: was the “beating of the catholic church”Expansion: Crusades• Europe wanted ways to reach Asia for goods• Marco Polos journey to china lasted for 20 yearso His journey sparks a race for the Europeans to get to Chinao Marco Polo used the land route but the Europeans were now going to have to go by seao Battle about who would trade with china firstExpansion: Portuguese•
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