30 000 years ago allowed people in Siberia to travel down to the Bering Land Bridge Americas Early immigrants Characterizing immigrants 1 Mobility 2 Adaptability 3 Diversity Mobility Mobility trade These people were capable of moving very large distances Trade carried and caused disease Adaptability Finding growing food in a new area Ex Teocentli into Maize People in Middle America developed a way to grow corn Maize Corn cannot fertilize itself and reproduce so at some point someone engineered a new plant corn Corn allowed the transformation from hunter gatherer to farmers Allowed people to do things other than find food study life play sports create politics art and religion Food surplus created by corn allowed for trading for other Salmon fishing at Celilo Falls allowed native societies to become Salmon is salty and preserves itself so it was good for trading supplies wealthy Diversity 329 completely different North American languages existed at some point This is a conservative estimate Native societies considered this the main identifier of who they are What is now California is one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world Forced Migration African slave trade European convicts 10 years Indentured servants 7 10 years of work under contract European Convicts 10 years sentence Minimal prison reform in the 17th century After serving sentence could be eligible for land ownership Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods between old and new world Old to New world wheat rice sugarcane horses cattle pigs sheep disease New to Old world potatoes peanuts tomatoes European Views of Natives Admired natives ability to grow food and their freedom and communion with the earth Thought they were the noble savage but also uncivilized and barbaric religion and clothing Were helpful and friendly could be violent Europeans looked down on native sexuality Native Religion North American native religion revolved around nature No private real estate Villages would move seasonally or stay year round Private property more about ceremony Gift giving mutual obligation Native Gender Roles Women had more sexual freedom Divorce was available to men and women Matrilineal societies Women contributed to the cultivation of agriculture Men would move in with their wife s family Language and Identity Non literate peoples identify themselves through speech so the common names of these groups are post colonial impositions Illiterate and non literate are very different People in these societies tended to be multi lingual Diversity complexity Creeks Muskogean speakers living in and around the rivers and creeks of southern Georgia and Alabama Called creeks by English fur traders In the colonial era some creeks migrated south seeking refuge from English settlers Did not actually call themselves the creeks Cimarrones Derogatory term coined by the Spanish African and Native American slaves who fled St Augustine and other Spanish settlements along the Camino Real between St Augustine and Mission San Louis Cimarrone literally means feral Cimarrones intermarry with Muskogean speaking natives Muskogean speakers have no trilled r sound so cimarrone became Seminole by the 19th century The Colonial Era 1492 New group of very mobile adaptive and diverse people came to the new world from Europe Mobile crisscross the Atlantic and move to the new world Adaptable learned to trade items grow crops and catch fish Diverse Religious diversity Puritan Catholic ect Language really not that diverse Virginia Company Cash crop tobacco replacement for the gold discovered by the Spanish in South America 1624 over 200 000 lbs grown Inspired get rich quick attitude Caused scramble for land High death rate constant need for new labor Mercantilism all about making money Virginia Company became the Virginia colony in 1624 the 1st royal colony 75 of the 17th century English immigrants were servants that s 90 000 people Privateers legal pirates allowed to steal for the crown Fueled the rivalry between England and Spain Maryland Established in 1632 as a privately owned colony by Cecilius Calvert Granted full free and absolute power Calvert imagined Maryland as a feudal domain Catholic colony What did Europeans find in Maryland Neither wilderness nor organized society They found a disaster zone ravaged by disease A sad spectacle Bradford People were unable to even bury their dead The Colonial Era Begins The Dutch English Swedish and Spanish had all established colonies 1607 Jamestown Virginia 1620 Plymouth Colony 1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony What is England Very small land mass island nation At the time very poor not a great empire Eventually became an imperial power And why did they come 1 Pushes internal domestic factors 2 Pulls external factors Pushes England faces its own demographic crisis Its population doubled 2 5 million to 5 million people 1550 to 1600 Law that states you cannot divide land between heirs entail made people come to America to get land Inflation caused by population expanding more rapidly than the economy Reduction in real wages increase in price wages fell by half More demand with same amount of supply caused food shortages Economic change England becomes a bartering society with little cash Queen cannot liquefy her assets The Spanish have cash from gold Monarch allows landowners to fence their property through enclose so they can raise sheep and trade wool drove large numbers of peasants from their land Cottiers a new class of landless peasants named for the cots they carried with them Consequences vagrancy homelessness poor getting poorer lack of work and money Social problems Religious conflict Crime vagrancy Revolt Idleness not being productively employed was a crime Protestant reformation an on going process in 16th and 17th century England Pulls External Variables National Security Spain the dominant world power is a Catholic empire Has money liquid wealth This allows them to build armies and buy things Spain attacks England in 1588 How does England get more money 1 Sell Stuff in Europe wool 2 Steal it From Spain Sir Francis Drake a privateer goes around stealing stuff from Spaniards on the sea How do you keep your privateers alive while they re waiting in sea routes You build colonies In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh establishes a colony at Roanoke Economic problems Wool could only be sold in Antwerp Germany world s largest wool market This results in flooding of the market and price drop Where else can you sell
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