The First AmericansBeringia- The land BridgeBering sea by Alaska and RussiaSea level dropped exposing a land bridgeFirst Americans arrived by following land heards across the land bridge. – 10,000-9,000 BCHunters and GatherersAlways on the move after Food sourcesBerries and Fruit Mainly MeatHorses, Camels and woolly mammoths were killed to Extinction in North AmericaHunters and gatherersFirst Americans were known as Clovis Hunters because of the Stone arrow heads in Clovis, New MexicoAlways moving for Hunting and GatheringMoved away from once they realized agriculture was possiblePlains hunters main food source was the buffaloAlways on the move for heardsOriginally chained buffalo off cliffs to kill them then used spears and stampedes finally moving to bows and arrowsEskimos moved after food sources in Alaska for Seals and whalesAgricultureFirst developed in Central Mexico in 3,000BC. Where Mexico city is today.Led to Native Americans settling down in villagesTakes years to move and for technique to pass from people to peopleDidn’t reach United states until 400 BCBasic Crops: CORN/maize, Squash, BeansNew Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Colorado housed the first to use agricultureAnasaziWord Means Old People, what Indians called themAdvanced and growing cropsWhere attacked by others for their cropsHoused their crops after harvest inside their stone citiesStarted building their cities into the sides of the cliffs.Area was very AridThey channeled water for crops in irrigation ditchesBuilt roads over 100 miles connecting villagesCenter of Native American Activity and controlled trade network.Grew food for trade to get buffalo hunters meat & Jewelry/ToolsDisappear around 1200 AD, a severe drought hit the area, lasting for years.Crops failed large cities broke up, into small mud villagesBecome pueblo people in smaller populationsDidn’t know about soil depletion (Part of collapse)Cahokia – mound builderstook over after the collapse of the AnasaziEst. in 800 AD -built on Mississippi river across from St. Louis.Started out as small villagehad a rich flood plain that supported hundreds of acres of crops1200 AD had population between 20,000-30,000 when Anasazi were collapsingMost of the tribes from st. louis to florida were mound buildersburied dead under ground and put mounds on top of themSun worshipers who build pyramids of dirt allowing them to be closer to the sun (16 acres, 100 ft tall.When a chief died, they believe he needed friend in afterlife. Take his closes friends and sacrificed them to be with him in the afterlife. Around 50 people.Dominated trade in central united states. – found trade items reaching all over the US in burial moundsDrought hit the area and the people broke apart into smaller cities.1490 - Abandoned right before Christopher Columbus hits the Bahamas.Iroquois and AlgonquianTribes within each Shared the same language and cultural values. Which allowed them to get alongMostly located in Northern United StatesDid not like each other – Always at warHad their villages fortified to prevent it from attacks.Women held political power. Chose chiefs and when to go to war.Long bark covered housesAlgonquiansIf captured by them they made your death into a game.Tortured and mutilated their enemyAte their enemy to absorb your powerIroquoisMade up of tribes from all overif someone died in tribe you went and captured someone to replace themvery weakEnglish and French were able to make road because Small Pox epidemic hitaway from Europe for too long.Small Pox - very deadly without immunity.Swept through Iroquois and Algonquian then they went to war to gain more and it further reduced themFrench- get excited they may beat someoneAncient American’s didn’t possesimmunity to diseasehow to use the wheeldomesticated animals (didn’t have diseases from fleas)Use of metal - weapons were stone arrow heads4 Million Native Americans living in what is Now US76 Million in Mexico and United StatesAztec EmpireCalled themselves the MexicaMigrated into Central Mexican because they had to leave their landSmall in numbers but fierce warriors1900 and 1100 ADWent around to others and asked for tribute or threated to attack and wipe them outalso asked for victims for god of warTenochtitlan – capital, now Mexico city250,000 population in 1500one of the largest cities in world at timeHuge, Elaborate, templesBelieved in god of war that kept universe goingBelieved god of war loved bloodWould sacrifice 20,000 each yearThose giving tribute started getting irritated1519 Spanish arrivedhorses, Metal swords, and gun powder Before Spanish or Europeans arrived:Native americans did not have any metal working in North or South AmericaNo type of immunity from diseaseSyphilis was taken back to Europe from native Americans.Europe before 1492Europe in 1300 (It sucked)Decades of warfareIn the Middle of 100 years war.1315 – 1317 climate in Europe changed to cold. With lots of rain. Destroying crops and causing a famine to hit.Caused malnutritionCaused birthrate to drop and infant mortality rate to increaseBlack DeathLate 1300 with weakened immune systemsCarried in fleasOriginated in Mongolia. Fleas on horses came with them and transferred toHigh fever, Blood vessels burst, leaving pools of blood as black spots.Bleed to death internallyAble to spread by coughing and sneezing after affectedKilled 50% of victims1/3 of all Europeans in 1347-1351 died because of the black death.Had to come up with new ways to live after specialists in specific fields died.Allowed them to become more efficient and innovative to survive.^^^ Called the Renaissance “Rebirth”The Renaissance – “Rebirth”The printing pressExpansion : The travels of Marco PoloItalian merchant who went to china in the late 13 century left europe in 1260 and didn’t return until 1295. He and his uncle and father went to buy goods to bring back to china.Wrote out a journal of his trip to china.China has spices, tea, silk that Europe is missing out on.1095 the pope called for a crusade to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims.Crusaders take Jerusalem and hold it for 100 years. They lose it and never retake the city. Eventually are forced out of the holy land.Although they failed it succeeded in introducing new itemsBy the time his book was published in mid 1400 you could no longer go to china by land
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