ANT 3212 Exam 2 Yanomamo by Napoleon Chagnon Yanomamo key terms Ebene hallucinogenic drug in powdered form Used by shamans to communicate with hekura as religious practice Hekura spirit that lives inside Yanomamo Supposed to keep their host well protect them and ward off enemies Can be influenced by outsiders magic of enemies If they pull your hekura out of you you sicken and die Waiteri Fierce Earned by fighting being a warrior inter village warfare Bisaasi teri villages that Chagnon visits with frequently includes Kaobawa s village Shamateri congeries of interrelated villages to the south Long history of bitter warfare with the Bisaasi teri Unokai a man who has killed another man Shabono Permanent house and central plaza Lasts about 2 years Cultural Systems 02 04 02 06 How do anthropologists classify cultures 4 parts to cultural system o Social family kinship group age gender job specialization etc How do people group themselves Political civil laws justice system defense system laws etc Who are their leaders Economic Basic needs food shelter clothing Yanomamo hunt horticulture How does one meet their subsistence Ideology religious behaviors beliefs laws customs etc What as their religious organization like o Elman Service s 4 levels of society Band ex s Kung Son Inuit Eskimo Very small society 1 dozen to 40 people Move every 3 weeks following food hunting as they go along Eat 80 vegetables in 20 game Social organization by kinship Also gender and age Political group consensus everyone with equal say No leader or chief religious leader but often religious practitioner needed for healing Shaman Economic Egalitarian no different status levels everyone is the same Ideology Shaman ism Religion associated with medicine arts No Anyone can be a Shaman but they are usually called religiously Materials All from environment Hunting tools and gathering materials Jewelry instruments small things easy to take with them Animal skins for shelter Tribe ex s Iroquois Yanomamo Around 1 000 people Social Relationship to leader affects social position standing Political Leader Economy Agricultural Not a lot of differentiation between economic statuses among individuals No cash economy mostly trading bartering Ideological may or may not have religious leaders Permanent settlements material culture Ability to store surplus foods and goods pottery Use of locally available resources Degree of interaction between tribal and state societies Chiefdom ex s Cahokia prehistoric Trobrianders mostly throughout Oceania and very mixed with state societies 10 000s of people 1 gathering ANT 3212 Exam 2 Yanomamo by Napoleon Chagnon Social ranking different statuses Specialty groups based on occupations and hobbies Political leader makes important decisions of war defense etc Economy different statuses variety Ideological different temples related to social status Religious leaders now only practice religion as their occupation can be the same as political leader outside chiefdom used large trading network with central market place surrounding central capital Everyone goes back and forth between capital and villages Central placed settlement pattern capital of chiefdom and villages Large scale organized labor to build structures mounds Materials from Buying trading markets all in capital Social stratification changes based on wealth power and prestige State an autonomous political unit encompassing many communities within its territory having a centralized govt with the power to collect taxes draft men for work or war and decree and enforce laws by Robert Carneiro Sort of a collection of chiefdoms many large centers w surrounding communities controlled by state Economic cash economy or exchange always market economy Political one person in charge but also vast bureaucracy Conflict military leaders possibly different from political domestic leaders Multiple classes often many religion Presently states have multiple religions for the most part settlements Settlements large scale cities urban centers many types of Ideology states used to have theocracy or state society of one type of Societies don t have to evolve through all four levels There is no need to Societies at lower levels aren t inferior or more primitive than those at upper Evolution and progress 19th century concept change or adapt when existing bands tribes and chiefdoms are currently surviving as they are However they can change if they choose the luxuries of state societies levels Not all societies fit into this classification scheme these are generalizations Not all members adhere to the definitions There is no primitive or inferior in anthropology Hadza hunter gatherers are the best adapted for what they do We could not survive or thrive in their environment They don t have complex systems like us but they are not lesser than us Socio political organization o Everyone today lives in nation states o o Groups may also organize in smaller units with socio political structures separate from those Ideally everybody participates in the government of the nation state they live in of the nation state o The traditional social organization governs everyday life Cultural Ecology 02 06 2 11 The Peoples We ll Read About rights Mescalero evolving to state society Yanomamo tribal society becoming involved in state politics to preserve Economic organization Setting of fieldwork South America border of Venezuela and Brazil Cultural relativism ethnocentrism culture shock 2 o ANT 3212 Exam 2 Yanomamo by Napoleon Chagnon Cultural ecology environment determines how people live Subsistence mainly fruits from gardens also fame animals Settlement pattern Gardens must settle where a garden can be cultivated Fissioning villages split after a certain carrying capacity or if conflicts occur Ethnography types Holistic Comprehensive deals with all aspects of study fieldwork objective is to know as much about a culture as possible Yanomamo by Chagnon primary topic although you may learn more from other areas of culture Mescalero Apache Focused singular deals with one primary topic fieldwork objective is focused on Setting South America between Venezuela and Brazil Physical environment Amazon jungle poisonous and dangerous animals trees Subsistence horticulturalists farmers Do not raise livestock no need grubs boar fish Sexual division of labor women do much gardening men hunt but also help with Eat plantains peach palms squashes cassava corn tubers berries Settlement patterning