Transnational networks are composed of sets of constituent actors engaged in voluntary reciprocal and horizontal interactions communication and exchange across national borders ex UN EU Transnational advocacy networks A set of individuals and nongovernmental TAN organizations acting in pursuit of a normative Transnational terrorist networks Method to accomplish goals Employ violence objective NGO to bring about political change Example Al Qaeda Globalization Breeds political problems that span national borders causes us to become involved in other countries issues Groups UN must act in concert to solve problems of the environment Working together to solve different issues trade human rights and so on Globalization increases the connectedness of societies bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily lives WWII Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity norms define what actions are right or appropriate under particular circumstances important to TANs within a population and achieve a taken for granted status embrace their beliefs Example Henry Dumont and the International Committee of the Red Cross ex people swaying thoughts invisible children look whats going on tipping point ex info being providing builds up until it is over the edge people are upset Norms Norm life cycle A three stage model for how norms diffuse Norm entrepreneur Stage 1 Work to convince a critical mass to Norm cascade Stage 2 Adherents to the new norm passes a Norm internalizations Stage 3 norms of this type are taken for granted after it internalizes it dies down ex Framing Naming and Shaming Putting Pressure on the States concerning Boomerang effect NGOs in one state activate transnational washing your hands becomes a part of daily life The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments ex news media can largely influence the publics opinions on human rights and the environment certain issues because people and states care about reputation ex calling country out for an action that violates a norm linkages to bring pressure from other states to gear on their own government Example Anti apartheid movement in South Africa TANs mobilized voters in other countries to sanction South Africa International agreements are often complex TAN endorsement provides a cheap informational shortcut ex Green peace supporting whaling the interests of prominent states ex if the government want something they will promote and establish that norm traditionalists don t care about norms government TANS may be as important as states in creating new policy ex the people want something they will promote and establish that norm globalists care about norms Endorser Endorsement TANs as Endorsers Traditionalists State is dominant and TANs primarily reflect Globalists TANs represent governance without Terrorism The use or threatened use of viole against noncombatant targets by individuals or non state groups for political ends clandestine agents usually intended to influence and audience Instrumental rationality a conceptualization of rationality that Asymmetric warfare warfare without 2 forces going head to head force on one side only ex suicide bombers Extremists Actors whose interests are not widely shared Information problems associated Terrorism from Incomplete Information with terrorism and bargaining Terrorists have private information that they emphasizes the tendency of decision makers to compare options with those previously considered and then select the one that has the best chance of success ex interactions in the future tension based on calculations of means ends and consequences by others individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make cannot credibly reveal to targets Examples of private information Information asymmetries likely to be large groups have uncertain capabilities Groups have incentives to exaggerate their capabilities and resolve Threats are often inherently not credible Cannot reveal their strategies without vitiating their effectiveness because they can t reveal you lose information which causes twice the effect surprise so you ll bargain more Credible commitment problems To reach agreement terrorists must credibly associated with terrorism and commit not to stage future attacks bargaining How can a terrorist group demonstrate credibility to abide by an agreement Coercion strategy How does coercion create policy change It imposes costs on the other side this is how terrorism bargains using violence to get countries leaders to get them what they want Costly signal A strategy that induces policy change by Provocation A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to imposing or threatening to impose costs usually pain or other harm on the target ex mobs they lost somebody and message got across cuban missle crisis provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists home society or in other sympathetic audiences provoking a country to over react Afghanistan war Al Qaeda used on 9 11 to provoke war maybe we over responded and brought the outlook on America to look bad bystanders ex village who is not involved in war but they were in close proximity so their lives were lost in vain Hiroshima A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists home society ex completely spoiling peace after 9 11 demonstrate a capability for leadership and commitment relative to another similar terrorist group Who is more capable of destroying the other Cold War Shi ads Sunni s Collateral damage People that get injured killed who are innocent Spoling Outbidding A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to Deterrence Terrorism cannot be completely prevented but actions can be taken to deter this It is threats intended to prevent an actor from takin an undesired action Example Nuclear deterrence during the Cold War therefore countries have an incentive not to attack eachother Human rights rights possessed by all individuals virtue of being a person Article 55 rights states were expected to protect Universal Declaration of Human UN efforts to clarify rights in article 55 it is Rights 1948 the product of those deliberations Defined as common standard of achievement for all people and accepted as the foundation of modern human rights law it is comprised of 30 articles identifying specific
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