Chapter 10 Transnational Advocacy Networks Lecture Notes I What is TAN 11 21 2011 a Sets of actors communicating and acting across borders i NGOs ii Social Movements iii Civil Organizations like churches iv The media II Increasing number of TANs a 1874 32 registered NGOs b 1914 1 083 registered NGOs c 2003 13 000 registered NGOs 25 of which founded after 1990 III Transnational Advocacy Networks TANs a Aim to bring out political and social change b Social mobilization c Changes in social norms d Political pressure on governments Good TANs and Bad TANs e IV Do TANs Make a Difference a They change minds and alter interests b They put pressure on states to act i Boomerang effect c Sometimes they replace the functions of a state d They facilitate international cooperation i Monitor international agreements V Why do some TANs choose violence a b the attack on the US by al Qaeda on 9 11 was the single most lethal terrorist attack in modern history the US responded by increasing homeland security and launching a global war on terror VI Terrorist TANs a What is terrorism b premeditated politically motivated violence perpetrated against civilians c most is domestic but terrorism that crosses borders becomes transnational VII Are terrorists rational a Are terrorist demands unreasonable b Are suicide bombers nuts or deluded terrorists adopt tactics that make it hard for traditional militaries to defeat them small cells that are loosely connected a b c hide in sympathetic populations c Are attacks random VIII Terrorist TANs IX Why terrorism a b c d strategic logic incomplete information commitment problems issue indivisibilities X terrorist strategies a coercion b provocation spoiling c d outbidding XI Can terrorism be prevented a problems of incomplete information and credible commitment require groups to launch attacks to show that they can b we will never win a global war on terror XII What can be done criminalize terrorism and hunt down terrorists a defensive measures airport security border defenses b c preventative attacks on terrorist networks d benign counter terrorism I Introduction Textbook Chapter Notes a 1197 International Campaign to Ban Landmines ICBL i Network of 1400 NGOs from over 900 countries ii Signed by 122 countries the Ottawa Convention prohibits land mines and mandates the clearing of existing mind fields iii March 1999 iv Won Nobel Peace prize b Kenneth Waltz states are not and never have been the only international actors the important of non state actors and the extent of transnational activities are obvious c Constituent actors International and domestic NGOS involved in research and advocacy i ii Local social movements iii Foundations and other philanthropic organizations iv The media v Churches trade unions and consumer and other civil organizations d Transnational networks are actors composed of other actors united by a shared interests in a dense web of cooperative interactions e Transnational advocacy networks TANS f Transnational terrorist networks g Displacing states and creating new popular and dynamic forms of international politics h Exist only with the permission of states and remain under their control II DO TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS MAKE A DIFFERENCE i Transnational advocacy networks TANs a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective ii Nongovernmental organizations NGOs private organizations not directly affiliated with national governments and usually focusing on social economic and political changes in a country or region iii TANs have grown dramatically over the past 50 years Most rapid increase occurring in the 1990s International counterparts i e Planned Parenthood vs pro life centers Influence in world politics in a least three fundamental ways iv v i Alter perceived interests and to change behavior at the individual and state ii levels i e environmental TANs Greenpeace Al Gore s Alliance for Climate Protection iii groups negatively affected by the proposed policy changes will also mobilize politically to influence governmental decisions 1 example scientific community vs tobacco industries iv knowledge may be power but it alone may not be enough to set policy b Changing minds altering interests v Norms standards of behavior for actors with a given identify norms define what actions are right or appropriate under particular circumstances the laws of war Geneva Conventions vi 1 nuclear taboo 2 universal condemnation of Syria for its role in the killing of Lebanon s former prime minister Rafik Hariti in February 2005 vii 1972 Uruguay plane crash cannibalism example viii enemy combatants GWB claimed were exempt from requirements from Geneva Convention 1 2 i e Guantanamo Bay Obama has spoken to hope to terminate this category of enemy combatants the nuclear taboo appears sufficiently strong that most states even in highly volatile crises do not expect disputes to be resolved in a nuclear holocaust ix the norms life cycle 1 a three stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken for granted status 2 TANS is to encourage and support socially appropriate behavior and help spread norms across national border 3 Henry Dumont Swiss banker who helped found the International 4 NRA is working globally to promote the principle that owning a gun Committee of Red Cross is a natural right 5 Building a network of like minded organizations around the world 6 Norms entrepreneurs frame issues to make them comprehensible to target audiences to attract attention and encourage action and to fit with favorable institutional venues 7 The women s rights movement for instance failed to make progress for many years in the 1980s and 1990s because it was caught between three competing frames a Discrimination emphasizing the principle of gender equality articulated in the 1979 Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Among Women b Economic development and the need to improve the quality of life for women c General human rights of women as well 1993 World Conference on Human Rights d United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 violence against women centerpiece 8 Once a new frame has taken old a norms cascade occurs as the number of adherents passes a tipping point beyond which the idea gains sufficient support that it becomes a nearly universal standard of behavior 9 Conformity coercion socialization what good states do 10 1978 virtually all democratizing states now
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