Personality Unique to the individual It prevails across time and situations Personality Tests are designed to identify particular personality characteristics It is studied to discover the causes of individual differences in behavior Humoral Theories of personalities discredited Based on 4 bodily fluids Melancholic phlegmatic sanguine and choleric Gordon Allport s traits Hierarchy of traits 1 Cardinal Traits Highly dominant trait E g Hitler oppressive power Mandela justice Mother Teresa Selflessness One in a million One in a lifetime 2 Central Traits Less influential qualities of a leader honest warm strong 3 Secondary Characteristics A bit of a troublemaker Raymond Cattell s Theory Using factor analysis managed to reduce the number traits to 16 Hans Eysenck s idea about personality 1 Extraversion Introversion 2 Neuroticism emotionally unstable Emotionally stable 3 Psychoticism Self Control Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory Mind consists of 2 major components conscious The rules your parents and society have taught you and the unconscious The unconscious exerts control over our conscious behavior Psychodynamic Theory we attempt to reduce the influence of the unconscious 1 ID occupies the unconscious It contains the libido a variety of instincts such as sexual drive aggression It is uncivilized and it is governed by the pleasure principle immediate gratification 2 Ego It is the part of the consciousness that thinks and integrates behavior It is governed by the reality principle It mediates in the conflict between ID and superego Reality Principle It uses defense mechanisms to 1 Prevent ID from intruding into consciousness 2 Prevent superego from dominating consciousness 3 SuperEgo Consists of the conscience and the ego ideal ideals you strive for It is in direct conflict with the ID Defense Mechanisms examples Rationalization Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Regression Identification When they fail it leads to neurosis or neurotic personality Relationship between ID and Super Ego When each dominates ID intrusion of ID to consciousness produces ANXIETY Superego domination of consciousness causes feelings of GUILT Ego mobilizes defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety and guilt mediates Fixation It refers to arrested development Five Stages of Psychosexual Development 1 Oral Stage 0 1 years of age Sucking oral gratification Unresolved issues lay groundwork for aggressive personality smoking excessive eating 2 Anal Stage 1 2 years of age toilet training Unresolved issues lead to excessive neatness Rigid personality authoritarian behavior Obsessive Compulsive behavior 3 Phallic Stage 3 4 years of age Discovers sexual organs beginning of emotional sexual attachment to parent of opposite sex Oedipus Complex Father is rival desire to sexually possess mother Elektra Complex Gravitates toward father competes with mother over his attention Resolution Identification with same sex parent 4 Latent Stage 6 11 years quiet period from a psychosexual standpoint 5 Genital Stage 12 adolescent years contact with opposite sex Skinner Personality as a behavioral process Stimulus Response Relations Environment acts on the individual to produce behavior B F Skinner you receive rewards for certain behaviors and punishment for other behaviors Conditioning You behave consistent from one situation to the next if the contingency is positive Children acquire social behaviors by observation not just imitating the parents Bandura Social Cognitive Theory Social Learning Consequences of behavior and individual s belief about these consequences determine personality Reciprocal Determinism Behavior environment and cognitive factors determine personality Self Efficacy Knowing how to act in a given situation and be successful Understand the contingencies and how to elicit them Observational learning is the basis of Bandura s theory It means to learn through observation of the consequences that others who are called models experience as a result of their behaviors Walter Mischel Personality mostly emerges in situations rather than coming from the genes Personality is consistent from situation to situation Situationism Traits are revealed by situations in which we find ourselves Humanistic Psychology Emphasis on personal growth life satisfaction positive human values self actualization Carl Rogers Person Centered Theory How well a person fells will determine how much they appreciate themselves and are appreciated by others Level of happiness Freedom and potential for personal growth incongruence congruence conditional unconditional acceptance Maslow s Theory of Self Actualization There is a hierarchy of needs it starts with physiological needs you can only grow personally if you fulfill all of ones needs From top to bottom lower the greater 1 Self Actualization Personal growth and fulfillment 2 Esteem Needs achievement status responsibility reputation 3 Belongingness and Love Needs Family affection relationships work group etc 4 Safety Needs Protection security order law limits stability etc 5 Biological and Physiological needs Basic life needs air food drink shelter warmth sex sleep etc Medical Model Abnormal behavior seen as a disease Advantages More civilized approach to abnormal behavior which means humane treatment diagnosis Distinguishes one illness from the other etiology Apparent cause and developmental history of illness prognosis Forecast about probable course of illness Disadvantages Labeling pseudo explanations patient role Criteria abnormal behavior 1 Deviation behavior deviates from what society considers acceptable E g Transvestism where man achieves sexual arousal by dressing in woman s clothing 2 Maladaptive Behavior Everyday adaptive behavior is impaired substance abuse 3 Personal Distress Depression individual s self report Stereotypes of psychological disorder Seen as a sign of weakness incurable causes violent and aggressive behavior DSM IV TR Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th edition Text revision It is made by the American DSM IV is psychological diagnosis biased Yes what is abnormal in one society is normal in another Incidence and distribution of psychological disorders in a population in a specified time period Epidemiology Anxiety Disorders Marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety There are 4 major types 1 Generalized anxiety Chronic high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat free floating anxiety 2 Phobic Disorders
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