SOCL 2001 Exam 3 Final Study Guide Families Chapter 15 in text The Family as an Institution and its functions o Particular structure of statuses mother father etc o Comprises a set of goals reproduction socialization of new generations o A group of people related by either blood adoption marriage etc Institutional Differentiation o Functions in a family o Less differentiated gemeinschaft functions are completed by family members o More differentiated gesellschaft functions are completed by institutions outside of the family Variation in Family Structure o More diversity now adoption not always two parents o Far more people living alone and more women raising etc children alone o Families as institutions are adapting to change Marriage Divorce o Not as many marriages as before more opportunities trial marriages etc o Divorce rates have risen drastically skyrocketed in 1940s 1950s with the women s movement The Impact of Divorce o Gender inequality economically women will see a decline in income while men will see an increase o Moving away economic and family children have to move from their home school and friends o Stress and rejection o Parenting children single parents loss of income disciplining o Overburdened child child is stressed and feels the need to also care for parent in stress o A more positive effect children are more careful at selecting partners trial marriage wait until more secure don t want their children going through the same thing Trial marriages o Move in with a significant other to try out living with Religion Chapter 16 in text Sacred vs Profane them before marrying them o Maybe have pets as a trial run before children o Used to be considered taboo to live with someone you aren t married to Age at first marriage women o Age is rising tends to be higher for men and lower for o People delay marriage during economic recessions longer periods of education etc o Sacred a term used to describe phenomena that are regarded as extraordinary transcendent and outside the everyday course of events supernatural represented by gods holy people revered writings etc o Profane all phenomena that are not sacred Ritual o a formal pattern of activity that expresses symbolically a set of shared sacred meanings o Baptism communion Secularization o A process in which the dominance of religion over other institutions is reduced o Accompanies the increasing differentiation of cultural institutions from religion separation of church and state etc Types of Religious beliefs Forms of religion o Simple supernaturalism belief is about everything being spiritual and connected force not on individual power o Animism o o Theism anything can be god like or supernatural holy animated can t harm living beings belief in a god or gods monotheism one god popular in western theism o Abstract ideals polytheism many gods Greeks a form of religion that is centered on an abstract ideal of spirituality and human behavior wisdom harmony eastern religions o Civil religion a collection of beliefs and rituals for communicating those beliefs that exists outside religious institutions Religion and Social Change o Religion is one of the primary forces opposing or supporting change o Catholic Church in the United states pushing for abortion to be illegal etc o A religious organization that has strong ties to the Churches larger society Denominations o a religious organization that is on good terms with the institution from which it developed but must compete with other denominations for members o Example the United Methodist Church is a Protestant denomination that must compete with Baptists Episcopalians etc sect o A religious organization that rejects the beliefs and practices of existing churches usually formed when a group leaves the church to form a rival organization o Small populations make heavy claims on their members time money and emotional commitment Religiosity o The depth of a person s religious beliefs and how those feelings translate into behavior o Temple attendance guidance from religious belief etc are measures of religiosity Religious Pluralism o Concerns the acceptance of various religions live in kinds of people o Preparation for adulthood learn how to act around all o evaluate and select competent individuals who is the talented or smartest with tests stratify all of the people might not be the most effective system o Teaches necessary skills Communication to be a teacher etc obvious reasons manifest o reproduce the existing class structure less obvious grow up in a particular class and we will likely stay in it because of the educational system good education costs a lot of money and better Education Chapter 17 in text Functions of Education o Socialization learn the norms and what society you teachers at better schools may prevent you from reaching your potential o Marriage market help you find a partner Education Social Change o Funding education through public funding is the money we are investing being used properly o What values should be taught in school Religion vs evolution etc o Society and knowledge continues to evolve newest knowledge and technologies may conflict with current values opinions The Adolescent Society o Family isn t as big of a part in the socializing process more about adolescence and high school o Adaptation students develop their own separate culture values and norms o Athletes are more popular all about good looks and money rather than academic achievement Barriers to Educational Attainment Achievement o How many years of school attainment and how much is learned achievement o Teachers discriminating will result in social reproduction o Segregation schools that don t have money or resources will have students that aren t prepared o Students can t concentrate with criminals around or if there isn t any air conditioning in hot weather etc Education Social Mobility o More education more likely to have a higher income o reproduction theory education system will often reproduce the social class that a student starts at as the student grows they will stay in the same position through their experiences in the education system o Paul Willis in Great Britain school wasn t focused on furthering the male students education reproduction o Jay Macleod in the US students aware of the process of social compared African American and white boys low expectations from teachers higher aspirations didn t lead to different results students couldn t keep a job after high school