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Kinsey sexuality scale: 0- heterosexual 3- bisexual 6:homosexualBased on sexual THOUGHTS, BEHAVIORS, and IDENTITIESThe Integrative PerspectiveSexual identities determined by both social and biological factorsSome studies link biology (genetics, sex hormones) to sexual orientationExam Two – November 5thGroups and Networks:- Friendster archeology videoSimmelo Sociologist interested in sociology of pure numberso number of people interacting can change how we interacto Dyad – group of 2most intimate form of social lifeleast stable group, mutually dependent upon each othero Triad – group of 3 or morelose intimacy, group becomes more stable When a third person joins… possible roles:- mediator – the conflict resolver- (babies don’t make it better)- tertius gaudens – one who profits from disagreement with the others- divide et impera – one who purposefully breaks up the others- Simmel’s approacho Small groups Single focus, informal, equality, f2f Church ladieso Party Same as small, +multifocal (everyone’s doing something different)o Large groups Formal, status, differentiation Can be single focus or +multifocal Ex: McDonald’s coworkers, uniformsCooley….- Primary: intimate, face to face, strong influence- Secondary: impersonal, exist as means to end (that person you always ask for something)Other ways- In group/out groupo Useful in describing groups with power inequalityo 2012 election polls were controlled by minorityo Who’s “in” and who’s “out”?- Reference groupso Groups useful for comparisono We compare ourselves to other people all the timeso People who we want to be like/don’t want to be likeo The state fair… always someone uglier/fatter/scarier than youo Ex. Mean GirlsSocial network- A set of ties between individuals- Tie – set of stories explaining our relationship to each network member- Narrative – sum of stories within a series of tiesEmbeddedness- Refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect pathsStrength of weak ties- Always have that one friend who can help youOrganizations- Social networks with a common purpose and a structure- Have both culture and structure- Ex. Church, Chick-Fil-ADeviance- Any transgression of socially established normso Informal deviance – minor violations Women who have a size 13 shoe… are deviant (aka not normal), people tripping, etc.o Formal deviance – crime  Thinking about killing someone Crime- Street crime o Committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and povertyo People try to predict street crime, but usually can’t- White-collar crime o Committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other businesso Ex. Stealing paper clips from work, piracy, forgery, stealing money from the cash register- Crime is variation of deviance, something that used to be illegal is now not illegal. Things change over time.Social Control- Mechanisms that create normative complianceo Following the rules of group lifeInformal social sanctions- Unspoken rules of social lifeo We are all simultaneously agents and objects of social ordero Foundation of formal social controlFormal social sanctions- Rules/laws expressly set forth by a societyFunctionalist Theories of Deviance- Social cohesion o How people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a daily basiso Influenced by large events: 9/11, civil rights movement- Durkheim on social cohesiono Collective conscience Shared assumptions about how the world works Social construction of realityo Mechanical solidarity Based on samenessHow does the world work together?People who are the same, working togethero Organic solidarity Based on difference and interdependencePeople who are different, working togetherDeviance and Social Control- Punitive justice (mechanical)o Making the violator suffer, thus defining boundaries and strengthening the collective- Rehabilitative justice (organic) o Examines specific circumstances of deviants, attempts to reform themDeviance Question:Name a type of deviance that other people seem concerned about, but doesn’t bother you and explain why.Girl in quad who accidently had boob outCrime reduction- Deterrence theory o Philosophy of criminal justice based on the nation that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits(more) Deviance- Remember the “I” is the impulse, I don’t need a milkshake but I want one- “Me” is how others see you, expectations- The real world and expectations meet and sometimes things go wrong (video about guy who lost job)Symbolic Interactionist Theories- Burger job = unable toachieve what he wanted- Labeling theory: we noticehow others see or label us,our reactions to those labelshelp form the basis of ourself-identityo Stigma: negative labelthat changes a person’sself-concept and socialidentity, having serious consequences like criminal charges. Handicap people suffer from this or moral stigmas like being a gossiper, that girl iscrazy Tribal stigma is a group likethe KKKo Primary deviance: first act of rulebreaking, you have to start outbeing a deviant somehow, resultsin “deviant” levelo Secondary deviance: subsequentacts of rule breaking occurring as aresult of the deviant label (Batman)Broken windows theory of deviance: social and environmental context and cues impact individual actionsMerton’s strain theory**: deviance occurs when allmembers of society do not have equal ability to achievesocially acceptable goals1. Conformists: accept the goals of society and themeans of achieving those goals2. Rebels: don’t accept the goals of society or themeans, so they create their own goals using newmeans3. Retreatists: don’t accept the goals of society or the means4. Ritualists: aren’t interested in the goals of society, but accept the means5. Innovators: accept the goals of society, but look for new ways of achieving those goals (Bill Gates, Honey Boo Boo)Question: Are stigmas and labels more effective in societies that have mechanical solidarity or those that have organic solidarity? Explain your answer.Mechanical = sameness, organic=different. Some people are united based ofsameness and some people are united based on differences. The expectationis for everyone to be the same, but everyone has to be different for society to work.Stratification (groupings): systematic inequalities of the system itself between groups of


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LSU SOCL 2001 - Exam Two

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