Ineractionist, Functionalist, and Conflict PerspectivesFunctionalists Perspectives: based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.- Views on Gender Stratification:o Traditional gender roles ensure that expressive and instrumental tasks will be performed. o Men and women have specific roles: Men are stronger do more physical labor (instrumental tasks); women nurse children (expressive tasks). Conflict Perspective: groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. - Views on Gender Stratification:o Gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results form male control of and dominance over women and resources. Interactionist Perspective: society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.Quantitative and Qualitative Research in SociologyQuantitative Research Model: analyze data through calculations.1. Select and define the research problem.2. Review previous research.3. Formulate the hypothesis.a. Independent variable: presumed to cause or determine the dependent variable.b. Dependent variable: assumed to depend on or be caused by the dependent variable. 4. Develop the research design.5. Collect and analyze the data. 6.Qualitative Research Model: evidence and observations are more diverse; analysis left more to interpretation. 1. The researcher begins with a general approach rather than a highly detailed plan.2. The researcher has to decide when the literature review and theory application should take place.3. The study presents a detailed view of the topic.4. Access to people or other resources that can provide the necessary data is crucial. 5. Appropriate research method(s) are important for acquiring useful qualitative data. Controlled Experiments: looking for a cause and effect relationship between two variables that occur in social life. Experimental situation in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable in order to observe and measure changes in a dependent variable. Field Research (experiment): the study of social life in its natural setting: observing andinterviewing people where they live, work, and play. An experimental situation in which the researcher observes and studies subjects in their natural settingParticipant Observation: a research method in which researchers collect data while being part of the activities of the group being studied. Form of field observation in which the observer participates to some degree in the lives of the people being observed. Dependent Variable: variable that we’re trying to explain in hypothesis (suicide rate) :variation in the suicide rate from one nation to another depend on the influence of another variableIndependent Variable: factor that researcher believes causes changes in the dependent variable. IT is independent of the variable we are trying to explain (marriage rates in different nations) Open-ended question: requires thought, not just a yes or no answer. Not predetermined set of answers, respondent answers in his/her own wordsClose-ended question: questions that have simple answer, yes or no. predetermined set of answersSurvey: a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts; find out information of a society. - Types of Surveys: o Questionnaire: printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond. o Interview: a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent questions and records the answers.oSample Survey: survey administered to a selection of respondents from a specific population (Current Population Survey fron Census Bureau- monthly estimate of employment and unemployment, poverty, births, deaths, marriages, divorces, social insurance, and welfare and many other indicators of social well-being and problems of the American peopleField Research (experiment): the study of social life in its natural setting: observing andinterviewing people where they live, work, and play. Code of Ethics:- Researchers must endeavor to maintain objectivity and integrity in their research by disclosing their research findings in full and including all possible interpretations of the data.- Researchers must safeguard the participants’ right to privacy and dignity while protecting them from harm.- Researchers must protect confidential information provided by participants, even when this information is not considered to be privileged and legal pressure is applied to reveal this information.- Researchers must acknowledge research collaboration and assistance they receive from others and disclose all sources of financial support.Research Ethics: - Privacy: right of a respondent to define when and on what terms his or her actions may be revealed to the general public- Confidentiality: promise that the information provided to a researcher by a respondent will not appear in any way that can be traced to that respondent- Informed Consent: right of the respondents to be informed of the purpose for which the information they supply will be used and to judge the degree of personal rish involved in answering questions, even when an assurance of confidentiality has been givenStratification and Inequality:Social Stratification: the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources. Life Chances: refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care. Opportunities an individual will have or be denied throughout life as a result of his or her social-class position. Place in a society’s stratification system into which a person is born has enormous effect on person (born into poverty succeed in life, but experience of struggling out of poverty will leave a permanent mark on his or her personality)Open Systems: boundaries between levels in the hierarchies are more flexible and may be influenced (positively or negatively) by people’s achieved statuses. - Social mobility: the movement of individuals or groups form one level in a stratification system to another. - Intergenerational mobility: the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next. Closed Systems: boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are rigid, and people’s positions are set by ascribed status. - Caste System: a system of social inequality in which people’s status is