SOCL EXAM 3CastleSexual Objectification- Representing or treating a person like a sex object, one that serves another’s sexual pleasure- Media is increasingly sexualizedHooking Up What is the point? – Dating replaced by hooking up as the main campus scriptDoes this mean sex?– NO!– 39.5% VAGINAL intercourse– 32.1% Kiss, Touch– 15.1% Hand to genital– 11.7 % Oral sexWhat is a hookup?– Physical encounter without expectationsDouble Standard?– Men- “Studs”– Female – “SLUTS WHORES AND SLUTBAGS”Men exaggerating experiences?– Men: 6.1 median lifetime sexual partners; Women 3.6– More men also say the hookup in collegeIs the date dead?– “Dating”- when couples are already bf/gf– “Date”- much rarerWhat conditions led to hookup conditions?– Large number of people in college– High percentage of women– Postponement of marriage– Men 27+ Women 25+– Women’s movement– ContraceptionMost Don’t Do It– Avg. for senior: 4-7 “hookups”– 91% characterize campus by a hookup culture– 80% of students hook up less than once a semester on average Sexual activity among students hasn’t increased in recent decadesSatisfied? – NO!1. Empowerment2. Pleasure3. Meaningful experienceNo Alternative– Most feel hookup culture impedes sex and relationships– 11% Enjoy– 38% Opted Out– 50% Do so reluctantly– 1% Committed relationshipPositives– Learn a lot about themselves– Clarify values/embrace sexuality– Less Distracting– Emotionally saferDriven by Women? Elizabeth Armstrong– Women avoid relationships to keep time with friends or studying– “men continue to hold most of the power as they did in the dating era”– Men: Prefer hooking up– Women: Prefer “dating”After College– Past Research: abandonment of hookup script (will this continue?)Online Dating– White lies, exaggerations– 1 in 5 couples meet online– Stigma?Tinder– Fastest growing free dating app in the U.S.A– Sean Rad, founder: 3.5 Million matches per dayFAMILIES (disregard Aging)Family- 1. People live together with commitment- 2. Care for any children- 3. Share emotional ties6 Functions of a family- Regulating Sexual Behavior- Reproduction- Socialization- Social Placement- Economic security- Emotional SupportTypesExtended- Several generations of blood relatives sharing one householdNuclear- One or two parents and their childrenMarriage- Reasons for getting married?- Do you want to get married?o Among those who have never been married (both men and women)o 61% Yeso 12% Noo 27% not sure - Adults aged 30-50- Men (27%) are more likely than women (8%) to say they do not want to get married.Endogamy- Marrying within one’s social categoryExogamy- Marrying outside one’s social categoryMonogamy- Unites two partnerso Serial (marriage, divorce, new marriage)Polygamy- Unites a person with two or more spousesPolygyny- One man with two or more womenPolyandry- One women with two or more menRomantic Love- Affection and sexual passion toward another person- United States: “Nation of lovers”- Serial MonogamyDivorce- Legal process of dissolving a marriage- 43%-46%Causes of Divorce1. Individualism- More concerned with own happiness2. Romantic love fades3. Women less dependent on men4. Marriage is stressful5. Socially Acceptable6. Easier to attain (no-fault divorce)Infidelity- Men in relationship admitting 57% Women 54%- 56% of men- 34% of women who had affairs claimed “happy” or “very happy” in marriages (Helen Fisher)- Why? Women: emotional reasons- Men: Sexual MotivationsSinglehood- People choosing to live alone- 93% still marry- Age: 27 for women and 29 for MenCohabitation- Two people living together without being legally marriedGay and Lesbian Families- Approximately 33% of lesbian couples and 22% of gay couples are raising children.Structural Functionalist- Society depends on families- Functions of a familySocial Conflict- Family structure promote inequality- Perpetuate inequalities based on class and gender (feminist)How did you or individuals you know become religious?Religion- - Beliefs that guide human behavior and unite believers into a community.Durkheim- Sacred: extraordinary aspects of life- Profane: ordinary element of lifeMajor World Religions- Largest: Christianity (2.2 billion)- 2nd Largest: Islam (1.6 billion)- Non-Christians out number Christians two to one.Cults- Group devoted to beliefs that are outside mainstream societySects- Group who breaks from established religion to form its ownBelief- 92% believe in God- 7% don’t believe in God- 55% say religion is importantAffiliation- 15% no religious preference- About half of US adults have changed affiliationParticipation- 40% attend religious services- 27% seldom or never attendCharacteristics: - SEX: Women = more religious- Age: 65 and over are more likely- Race and Ethnicityo 39% of unaffiliated are Asiano 34% whiteo 22% Latinoo 13% black- Social class: o As income increases the importance of religion decreases- Trends in the US:o Higher income nations: less religiouso 82% tend to gain comfort in religionSecularizationo decline in the importance of the supernaturalWould a self-declared atheist be electable as president in U.S. today? Why or why not?Theoretical AnalysisFunctionalism1. Social Cohesion- Sense of belonging and unity2. Meaning- Our lives serve greater purpose3. Social Services- Example: raising $ for Katrina victims4. Social Control- To promote conformity and rules to live byConflicto To maintain dominant group’s positionsKarl Marx-- “Opiate of the people”- Unites people under “false-consciousness”Max Weber- Sparked economic development- Protestant EthicJohn Calvin- Predestination- even before we are born, all people are divided into two groups, and only god knows who will got to heaven or to hellSymbolic-Interactionist- Symbol- something that stands for something else- Rituals- formal and repeated behavior; also called a rite- Beliefs- define relations between the sacred and the profaneEducation- Institution responsible for transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural valuesWho most influenced you to go to college?- Considering people you know who did not go toSchooling in the US- 88%: HS graduates- 30% four-year college degreeShaped by- High standard of living- Democratic principlesGrade Inflation- Number of students earning A grades is increasing while performance on standardized tests is decreasingProblems- Pressure on professors-o Difficult to