SOCL 2001 Exam 3/Final Study GuideFamilies (Chapter 15 in text) The Family as an Institution (and its functions)o Particular structure of statuses (mother, father, etc.)o Comprises a set of goals (reproduction, socialization ofnew generations)o A group of people related by either blood, adoption, marriage, etc.Institutional Differentiationo Functions in a family o Less differentiated (gemeinschaft)- functions are completed by family memberso More differentiated (gesellschaft)- functions are completed by institutions outsideof the familyVariation in Family Structureo More diversity now (adoption, not always two parents, etc.)o Far more people living alone and more women raising children aloneo Families as institutions are adapting to changeMarriage & Divorceo Not as many marriages as before (more opportunities, trial marriages, etc.)o Divorce rates have risen drastically (skyrocketed in 1940s/1950s with the women’s movement)The Impact of Divorceo Gender inequality - economically (women will see a decline in income while men will see an increase)o Moving away- economic and family (children have to move from their home, school and friends)o Stress and rejectiono Parenting - single parents, loss of income, disciplining childreno Overburdened child (child is stressed and feels the needto also care for parent in stress)o A more positive effect:- children are more careful at selecting partners (trial marriage, wait until more secure, don’t want their children going through the same thing)Trial marriageso Move in with a significant other to try out living withthem before marrying themo Maybe have pets as a trial run before childreno Used to be considered taboo to live with someone you aren’t married toAge at first marriage o Age is rising (tends to be higher for men and lower for women)o People delay marriage during economic recessions, longer periods of education, etc. Religion (Chapter 16 in text) Sacred vs. Profaneo Sacred – a term used to describe phenomena that are regarded as extraordinary, transcendent, and outside theeveryday course of events (supernatural; represented bygods, holy people, revered writings, etc.)o Profane – all phenomena that are not sacredRitualo a formal pattern of activity that expresses symbolically a set of shared sacred meanings o Baptism, communionSecularizationo A process in which the dominance of religion over other institutions is reduced o Accompanies the increasing differentiation of cultural institutions from religion (separation of church and state, etc.)Types of Religious beliefs/Forms of religiono Simple supernaturalism- belief is about everything being spiritual and connected; “force”; not on individual powero Animism o - anything can be god-like or supernatural/holy;animated; “can’t harm living beings”o Theism - belief in a god or gods- monotheism (one god; popular in western theism)- polytheism (many gods; Greeks)o Abstract ideals- a form of religion that is centered on an abstract ideal of spirituality and human behavior- wisdom, harmony; eastern religions o Civil religion- a collection of beliefs and rituals for communicating those beliefs that exists outside religious institutionsReligion and Social Changeo Religion is one of the primary forces opposing or supporting changeo Catholic Church in the United states pushing for abortion to be illegal, etc.Churcheso A religious organization that has strong ties to the larger societyDenominationso a religious organization that is on good terms with the institution from which it developed but must compete with other denominations for memberso Example: the United Methodist Church is a Protestant denomination that must compete with Baptists, Episcopalians, etc.secto A religious organization that rejects the beliefs and practices of existing churches; usually formed when a group leaves the church to form a rival organization o Small populations; make heavy claims on their members’ time, money, and emotional commitment Religiosityo The depth of a person’s religious beliefs and how thosefeelings translate into behavioro Temple attendance, guidance from religious belief, etc. are measures of religiosity Religious Pluralismo Concerns the acceptance of various religions Education (Chapter 17 in text)Functions of Educationo Socialization, learn the norms and what society you live ino Preparation for adulthood (learn how to act around all kinds of people)o “evaluate and select competent individuals”- who is the “talented” or “smartest” with tests- stratify all of the people (might not be the most effective system)o Teaches necessary skills- Communication to be a teacher, etc.- obvious reasons – manifest o “reproduce the existing class structure”- less obvious- grow up in a particular class and we will likelystay in it because of the educational system- good education costs a lot of money and betterteachers at better schools – may prevent you from reaching your potentialo Marriage market (help you find a partner)Education & Social Changeo Funding education through public funding – is the money we are investing being used properly?o What values should be taught in school? (Religion vs. evolution, etc.)o Society and knowledge continues to evolve (newest knowledge and technologies may conflict with current values/opinions)The Adolescent Societyo Family isn’t as big of a part in the socializing process –more about adolescence and high schoolo Adaptation (students develop their own separate culture, values, and norms)o Athletes are more popular (all about good looks and money rather than academic achievement)Barriers to Educational Attainment & Achievemento How many years of school (attainment) and how much is learned (achievement)o Teachers discriminating will result in social reproductiono Segregation - schools that don’t have money or resources will have students that aren’t prepared)o - Students can’t concentrate with criminals around or if there isn’t any air conditioning in hot weather, etc.Education & Social Mobilityo More education = more likely to have a higher incomeo “reproduction theory” – education system will often reproduce the social class that a student starts at, as the student grows they will stay in the same position through their experiences in the education systemo Paul Willis in Great Britain- school wasn’t focused on furthering the male students’ education - students aware of the process of social reproductiono Jay Macleod