Final Exam- December 11th - Education- Race - FamilyRace- A group of people who share a set of characteristics (not always physical) and are said to share a common bloodline - Concept of race is largely socially constructed, has some biological element, but also attached to social characteristics- Consider race a social construct that shifts in society o All humans = 99.9% genetically identical - A social construct, changing over time and place Racism - Belief that separate races possess different and unequal human traits - Not talking about intelligence – among all races intelligence is equally distributed- Many historical efforts to explain race were biased due to ethnocentrism Race in the Early Modern World- Biblical explanationo Race in the early modern world was often based on biblical religious definitions of raceo European explorers explained the genetic differences by interweaving them into their holy scriptureso Africans descended from Ham, cursed in Genesis 9 when he saw his dad Noah naked (passed out in a tent). Turned their skin black.- Scientific racismo Early theories investigating origins, explanations, and classifications of raceo The enlightenment moved the world toward science and the western definition of race adjusted accordingly.o Scientific racism describes theories of race from the 18th centuryo Theories linked racial differences to scientific explanation rather than biblicaloneso Theories were often used to explain and often justify differences in social or legal status of different raceso Physical features were the most common biological elemento Assumptions: White Europeans = norm Others = deviant Phrenology- Racial classification based on skull measurements - Science of head bumps. - The shape and bumps on one’s head were linked to psychological temperament.- This is also happened to be linked to race….- Leading us to… racial classification based on skull measurementsScientific Racism- Social Darwinismo “Survival of the fittest” o All races = same specieso Some races were more evolved, better fit to survive or rule others Eugenics- Races have social-psychological traits transmitted through bloodlines - Eugenics is a pseudoscience that links social and psychological temperament to bloodlines- H. H. Goddard argued that immigrants were lesser than native born Americans dueto their test scores- Fertility control can shape traits of the population - Nativismo Movement to protect land and culture from polluting effects of new immigrants o Gained social support during this period (19th century into early 20th century)20th century- Anti-Semitism bring about some shifts in the common classifications of race- Nazi’s update eugenics and bring back classification by racial measurement in order to identify Jews.- In America in the mid 2oth century, they focused on hard lined differences between races based on blood- The One-Drop Rule- Belief that one drop of black blood makes a person black- Applying this rule kept the white population pure - Tied to laws related to miscegenationMiscegenation- Multiracial marriage- Dated, politically-charged term- Laws against intermarriage overturned by Loving v. Virginia, 1967Race Ethnicity- Externally imposed - self-defined- Involuntary - voluntary- Physical (usually) - Cultural- Hierarchical - Nonhierarchical- Exclusive - Fluid and Multiple- Unequal - Not power-based- Often used interchangeably, but are separate things- The US has thousands of different ethnic groups- Sometimes they are symbolic!Symbolic Ethnicity- Individualistic in nature, without real social cost- Relatively loose on how it’s made because you choose, sort ofRacialization: formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of peopleRacial boundaries have real world effects- Median income chart…- Men > Women, Asian > White > ALL RACES > 2+ races > Pacific Islander > Black > Native American > Latino > otherWhites- Socially constructedo Depends on historical period- Involves “invisible” advantages enjoyed by whites- Assumption: white=neutral, normal- Modern white supremacists (NAAWP) embrace research on white achievements, but don’t acknowledge privilegeMinority-Majority Group Relations1. Assimilationo process in which immigrants arrive, settle in, and mimic local behaviors Eventually (the theory says) that everyone will blend in completelyo Primordialism Ethnic ties are fixed for biological and cultural reasons Biological “ticks” could become linked to ethnicityo “The Melting Pot” is a reference to assimilationo AKA when you arrive somewhere and becoming a new culture2. Pluralismo Kinda like a salad – you don’t place it in a blender, it is what it is with all of itspartso Pluralism is presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society No single majority Or there ARE minorities, but they are separate but equal3. Segregationo Legal or social practice of separation based on race or ethnicityo Literally spatially separating groups This was the official US policy until the 1960so Still evident in today’s schools, housing, an prisons o Origin of the “ghetto” “Great Migration” of blacks from South to North Neighborhoods exclude blacks “White flight” to suburbs Gentrification – slums demolished for high-value developments, formerslum dwellers move to housing projects4. Conflicto Genocide: mass killing of a population based on racial, ethnic, or religious traitso Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda (Hotel Rwanda)Racism- Prejudice vs racismo Prejudice: negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial groupo Discrimination: harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior based on raceHealth and SocietySick role (Parsons)- Rightso Not to perform normal social roles o Not to be held accountable for their condition - Obligationso Try to get well: if you are sick you are always suppose to be getting better- we don’t always do thiso Seek competent help, comply with doctors orders Social Construction of Illness• Definitions of health and sickness change by time and place• Medicalizationo Process by which issues become framed as medical (ex. Alcoholism becoming a disease instead of just a personal issue, Depression, ADD) Medical vs. Religious Frame• Video of conjoined twins where family didn’t want any medical testing done because of Religious purposes  child died