Bilingualism  speaking, understanding two diff languagebi-culturalism knowing more than one cultureCulture defined collection of elementsideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, technology…etc, of a particular societyCulture element the diff parts of the culture ideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, technology, etc.2 different types of cultural elementsMaterial- food, technology, clothes etcNonmaterial- ideas, values, belief etcSymbols  Language one kind of symbol that can contain the most complicated ideaActive part of understanding a society------------------------------------------------------------------------------Valuesideas shared by the people in a societies about what is important and worthwhileEvery society has a valueMore abstract, less directly affected by a particular behaviorMechanisms to maintain a particular value1. Proverb”penny saved is a penny earned”, “squeaky wheel gets the grease”2. Folklore hard work pays(American dream), Davey Crockett(patriotism)3. Rituals stars and stripes, support ribbons, funeralNorms  Norms of conduct associated with strong feelings of right or wrong, violations of which bring intense reactions and some type of punishmentMore concrete than valuesNorms are relativeNorms change from one society to anotheri.e. in India left hand is a dirty handPrescriptivewhat we should doWear clothes, studyProscriptive what we shouldn’t doi.e. cheatingTypes of Norms1. Folkways customary wayDon’t cut in line, girls more likely to have long hair2. Mores norm based on a particular commonalityKeep clothes onTaboo violation of a moresi.e. incest, cannibalism, etc.3. Laws behavioral codes written somewhere clearly with a clear punishment for violationCrimeviolation of a lawSpeeding, murder, etc.Deviant behaviorviolating a Norm (general)Material culture elementsArtifacts materials you have in your culturei.e. clothes, houses, technology, jewelry, etc.can imagine what kind of life a culture had based on artifactsour life is dictated by out environmenthouse styles igloos, contemporary, window placementPersonality is effected by environmenti.e. harsh weather more introvertedFamily sizei.e. in Japan large family b/c of rice more people to manage fieldsCultural Lagmaterial culture comes first, and non-material comes 2ndi.e. comp. came 10 yrs ago, now laptops everywhere, 5 yrs ago rareporn before comp age difficult for child to access porn, now very easy due to internet/comp and law could not catch upemail spam in ten yrs there will be no spama particular culture more up to date than a pre-existing cultureEthnocentrismthe view that ones own culture is superior to others and should be used as the standard against which other cultures are judgedthinking our culture is the bestWe cook food while Eskimo means raw meat eaterhunt in groups share the meal except for raw liver eat yourselfCould be bad when thinking everything else is inferiori.e. racism, sexism, etc.Cultural Relativismevery culture should be judged on their own; shouldn’t criticizeRespect each society with few exceptions something against human rightsi.e. slaveryXenocentrismhates everything about one’s own particular culturei.e. Shoe bomberSubculturea culture within a culturei.e. teenager culture, LSU cultureCounterculturea culture against the mainstream coulter; have their own rulesi.e. terroristIdioculture small scale culture that an outsider usually wouldn’t understandi.e. each family has one ritualsdining table seating understood rule, birthday person picks where they want to eat, Christmas/thanksgiving dinner signature dishIdeal Culturei.e. ideally supposed to go with speed limit, in family suppose to love each other and be faithful, Bill Clinton was ideal at firstReal Culturei.e. usually go 5 mi faster, sometime don’t and cheat on the other person, Bill Clinton had affair with Monica LCultural universals component common to every societyi.e. don’t steal, have food, shelterInstitutions a stable cluster of values, norms, statuses, and roles that develops around a basic social needi.e. education, family, politics, economy, religion(basic areas of our life), medicine, etc.**Meso levelin b/t Macro sociology, and Micro; small groupsrite of passage ages 16,18,21Social Structurerelatively stable patterns of society, such as the ways in which people and groups are related to each other and the characteristics of groups influencing our behaviorstatues, roles, groups, organizations, institutions,genderStatuses and roles are most important link between society and individualsBy behaving according to you status you make the society more stablePredictabilitySocial status1. Ascribed something you are born with2. achieved a status you’ve earnedset status collection of all of your statusesmaster status the biggest status, the one that stands outi.e. LSU professor, handicap person, criminal, athlete, homosexualSocial roleRole setRole perception how you are expected to behaveWhen turn 18 you are suppose to voteRole performance how you actually behaveMany 18 yr olds don’t voteRole ambiguity certain status which the role is unclearHow to deal with ex spouse’s parent( ex in-laws), ex-spouses fiancéRole strain difficultly fulfilling their role; hardshipsi.e. except a single mother to take care of their children and make moneyvery difficultRole Conflicthaving two statuses that conflict with each otheri.e. being a LSU student and underageGroupsStatistical, categorical, aggregate, associational/ social1. statisticalnot aware of their kind, not social interaction, no social organizationi.e. families with 2 parents, and 2 children2. Categoricalare aware of their kind, no social interaction, no social organizationi.e. redheads3. Aggregateare aware of their kind, do have social interaction, no social organizationi.e. football crowd, crowd in shopping mall4. Associationalare aware of their kind, do have social interaction, do have social organizationi.e. Rotary clubNot always a clear cut answeri.e. is sociology class aggregate or association?  in betweenClassification/typologyclassify people into groupsSocial Groups1. Primary- typically small, intimate and more important to youi.e. family, roommate2. Secondary- typically larger, less important, more formali.e. socl class,interracial