Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 8 Understand the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways build molecules and catabolic pathways breaks down molecules Understand the first 2 laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to energy exchange Energy cannot be created or destroyed It can only be transferred and transformed With every transfer of energy some energy escapes as heat Know the Free Energy equation and be able to calculate G G H T S Change in free energy enthalpy T is the absolute temperature and S is entropy energy not available to do work You are now left with the energy that is available to do work G G products G reactants The energy you start out with the energy to end up with Know the characteristics of endergonic and exergonic reactions Endergonic nonspontaneous energetically uphill products have more energy than the reactants Positive G Exergonic spontaneous energetically downhill reactants have more energy than the product Negative G Understand how ATP hydrolysis provides energy for endergonic reactions ATP H2O ADP Pi This is an extremely exergonic reaction Releases 7 3Kcal mol This energy has to go somewhere So it s used to power reactions that require energy Understand how enzymes catalyze chemical reactions Lower activation energy Do not affect the free energy of the reactants OR the products Understand the different types of enzyme inhibitors and how they work Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate and actually bind to the active site of an enzyme Allosteric inhibitors bind to a site on the enzyme separate from the active site Causes a shape of the active site preventing the substrate from binding Chapter 9 Understand what happens during redox reactions Oxidation reduction reaction involves transfer of electrons from one atom to another The atom that LOSES the electron gets OXIDIZED The atom that RECIEVES the electron gets REDUCED It s called reduction because electrons are negative and the total positive charge of an atom that receives an electron gets reduced Be able to define oxidizing and reducing agents Na e Cl Na Cl e Reducing agent oxidizing agent oxidized reduced Sodium can be described as a reducing agent because it s allowing it to be oxidized Chlorine is the oxidizing agent because its allowing sodium to be reduced Oxidizing agent will receive an electron and allow another atom to be oxidized Chlorine Reducing agent will donate an electron and allow another atom to be reduced Sodium Understand what happens during fermentation and why our cells perform this reaction There is NOT enough oxygen to preform cellular respiration So the products from glycolysis 2 pyruvates get reduced to regenerate NAD which is needed for glycolysis This allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen Understand what happens during glycolysis the bridge reaction Kreb s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation including the inputs outputs location and O2 requirements cytoplasm no O2 required input glucose output 2 pyruvates 2 NADH and 2 net Glycolysis ATPs o Energy investment phase 2 ATPs are used to phosphorylate glycolysis intermediates o Energy harvest phase glucose gets spit producing 4 ATPs mitochondrial matrix O2 required input 2 pyruvates output 2 acetyl coAs 2 Bridge reaction NADH Kreb s cycle 2 turns are needed to completely break down one glucose molecule mitochondrial matrix O2 is required input 2 acetyl coAs output 4 NADHs 2 FADHs 2ATPs Electron Transport Chain oxidative phosphorylation required input electrons from NADH and FADH2 output ATP and H2O inner mitochondrial membrane O2 Understand chemiosmosis and what occurs during this process Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are donated to the electron transport chain Electrons get transferred to increasingly electronegative molecules Each transfer releases energy This energy is used to actively transport protons H from the matrix to the intermembrane space This builds a proton gradient Protons will naturally diffuse down their concentration gradient back into the matrix activating the enzyme ATP synthase in the process This allows for ATP to be produced At the end of the electron transport chain the electrons are transferred to oxygen creating water Chapter 10 Have a general understanding of the goal of photosynthesis and what happens during this process Redox reaction that requires CO2 H2O and sunlight energy Electrons are getting transferred from a more electronegative molecule water to a less electronegative molecule CO2 This requires energy which comes from sunlight This produces sugar glucose and oxygen Understand what happens during the Light dependent reaction including each individual photosystem and electron transport chain Know why water gets split during this reaction Understand the inputs outputs location and time that this reaction occurs Occurs in the thylakoid membrane because this is where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight Only happens during the daytime Two photosystems I and II Each photosystem has its own electron transport chain Photosystem II generates ATP through chemiosmosis Photosystem I generate NADPH which carries electrons needed for the Calvin cycle o Chemiosmosis protons gets pumped inside the thylakoid building a proton gradient Protons will naturally diffuse out of the thylakoid and into the stroma activating ATP synthase in the process and producing ATP Electrons from PSII end up in PSI Electrons from PSI end up in NADPH So water has to be split to resupply electrons to PSII so the cycle can continue Otherwise PSII would eventually run out of electrons If you stopped caring for a plant it would first stop producing ATP Understand the relationship between wavelength and energy level for different colors of visible light The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy Understand what happens during each stage of the Calvin cycle including what NADPH and ATP are used for Know the inputs outputs location and time that the Calvin Cycle occurs Light independent reaction It is located in the stroma and happens ALL the time CO2 is required 1 Carbon fixation where CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed and added to RuBP a 5 carbon molecule Carbon is the building material for glucose like boards for a house Whenever carbon gets added to RuBP and produces an intermediate called PGA 2 PGA gets converted into G3P another intermediate This step requires energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH 3 Glucose gets produced using two G3P molecules G3P is a 3 carbon
View Full Document
Unlocking...