ANTH 0780 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Article Eggs for SaleA. What he exploresB. Mead’s goal Strategy/Method C. Mead explainsD. Commodity exchangesE. Commodification of GametesII. Selling Sperm v Selling EggsA. Consequence B. Gift’s CharacteristicsC. Commodities CharacteristicsIII. Article: Emerging Global Water WelfarismA. Morgan’s GoalB. Reflect on strategiesC. Water’s special properties1. Object of consumption2. Most basic necessityOutline of Current Lecture I. SocietyA. Stratified societiesB. Naturalizing discourseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. ClassD. Clientage E. RaceF. EthnicityII. NationA. NationB. Nation StateC. NationalityD. Nation-BuildingE. NationnessF. Nationalism III. StateA. DefinitionB. Constructed through institutions C. Controls Authority is seen as legitimateD. State represents societyE. Strategic EssentialismF. Transformist HegemonyCurrent LectureI. SocietyA. Stratified societies- societies in which there is a permanent hierarchy that accords some members privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige (invoke “natural” divisions for legitimacy)B. Naturalizing discourse- the deliberate representation of particular identities (e.g., caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nation) as if they were the result of biology or nature ratherthan of history or cultureC. Class- ranked group whose membership is primarily defined in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria1. US class system- one can overcome his or her class background2. Large aspect of our national mythology of equality of opportunity3. Upward mobility = American DreamD. Clientage- institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified society E. Race- human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to a distinct set of biological characteristics (depends upon the idea of phenotype and genotype)F. Ethnicity1. Principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress 2. Emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality3. Ethnic Groups- those who share “ethnicity” are often referred to as ethnic groupsII. NationA. Nation- group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even the same physical substance1. Difficult to align cultural and territorial borders2. Within a state, there are often groups that are large enough to see themselves aspossessing a national identity that is distinct the state3. Examples: Basque in Spain– Muslim Rohingya in Myanmar – Russians in UkraineB. Nation State- an ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincideC. Nationality- possessing the same history, culture, language, and even the same physical substance (sense of identification with and loyalty to the nation- state)D. Nation-Building- the attempt made by government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense nationalityE. Nationness (developed by John Bornema)- refers to the various practices by which people come to recognize themselves as sharing nationalityF. Nationalism- creating shared sense of nationality 1. Excessive patriotism2. Generally associated with chauvinism (belief that one’s nation is better than other)III. StateA. An organized political community under one governmentB. Constructed through institutions and practicesC. Controls the legitimate use of violence (police and military)D. Authority is seen as legitimate1. Traditional (based on sanctity of traditions; divine right)2. Rational-Legal (position; president) 3. Charismatic (individual; H. Chavez or other cult of personality) E. State represents society1. Social stratifications evidenced through laws and unofficial practices2. State’s practices reinforce naturalizing discourses that further entrench social stratification F. Strategic Essentialism- use of essentialist rhetoric to achieve a political aimG. Transformist Hegemony- nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features of the subordinated groups to ensure their