ANTH 0780 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 16Lecture 8 (February 4th)Political economy- emphasizes the central interest and the use of power to protect that interestThree links: Connecting conquered communities with one another within a conquered territoryConnecting different conquered territories Connecting all conquered territories with the country of the colonizersCapitalism- economic system dominated by the supply-demand price mechanism called the market; the way of life that grew up in response to and in service to that marketColonialism- cultural domination with enforced social changeNeocolonialism- the persistence of profound social and economic entanglements linking former colonial territories to their former colonial rulers despite political sovereignty Unilineal cultural evolutionism- a 19th century theory put in stages in which all societies must go through in order to reach civilizationLecture 9 (February 13th)What is Language?Language is vocal symbols we use to encode our experience of the world (bicultural).McGurk effect- seeing and hearing are correlatedLinguisticsOpenness- human language is creative and understanding; you can say or understand any sentence in multiple ways. For example: globalization, or the idea of a worldwide economic systemArbitrariness- there is no link between sound and meaning; any sound can stand for any object (e.g, a person might click his or her tongue to signify what no in the English language.)Linguistic relativity principle-language has the power to shape the way we see the world (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)Strong linguistic determinism- determines cultural patternsWeak linguistics- language informs thought and culturesLinguistic competence- grammar is important (Noam Chomsky)Communicative competence- Dell Hymes term that is the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech (ex human in text can be misunderstood)Discourse- the stretch of speech longer than a sentence and is united by a common theme (Bahktin and Voloshinov)Language inequality- making value judgment about other peoples speech in a context of dominance or subordination (inner city speech)Language ideology- applicable to Susan Harding’s “The Book of Jerry Falwell”Conversion is a linguistic actFundamentalist Baptists in “Speaking is Believing”The word of God is a relationship between one who is saved and one who needs to be savedLecture 10 (February 15th)Victor Turner defined three stages1. Separation- you are society are separated by something2. Margin- one enters an ambiguous stage that is dangerous3. Aggregation- ritual reenters one in society and class struggles become evident- Communitas- Group of people who concurrently occupy the liminal space and are equal - Liminality- everyone in liminalilty has the same status; it’s powerful because it implies that there is a relationship between those with more and less structural power Structural AuthorityTurner states authority or power is embedded within particular social positions- Liminality reconciles these competing types of by structurally erasing all distinctions between members of the communitas- Communitas is created through ordeals and humiliation- Examples of marginality: Jester or Good Samaritan Dialectic and Social Structure- Dialectic- Hegelian idea that there is always a relationship between opposing forces that consistently push each other forward- Dialectic of Ritual- according to Turner, social life is an experience of the types of dualism identified in a Hegelian dialectic- Ritual is a means to reconcile the competing social forcesLecture 11 (February 20th)Structure (Power of the strong)– Arrangement of statuses or positions – Institutionalized Communitas (Power of the weak) – EgalitarianDialectic between structure and communitas- structure gives rise to conflict as communitas levels the conflictVictor Turner’s Examples of communitas- Millenarian movements and Hippies/Beat Generation- Important because suggests that structure and communitas are experienced in every type of culture and societyLecture 12 (February 25th)TerminologyRelatedness – socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of waysAchieved Statuses- social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effortsAscribed Statuses – social positions people are assigned at birth.Imagined Communities- idea that people who belong to a group come to think of themselves as a group not through face-to-face interaction but through shared experiences Kinship - social relationships that are prototypically derived from the human experience of mating, birth, and nurturance (not Biologically determined because of difference between sex and gender)Sex- observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humansGender- cultural construct of the beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sexSupernumerary (more than the two standard sexes)- eunuchs (Byzantine Empire)– Hijras (Gujarat, India)Marriage- institution that transforms the status of participants, gives sexual access, gives offspring a position in society, and establishes connection between the kin of those who are marriedDescent- principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belongDescent in Kinship- based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define social categories to which people belong Bilateral Descent- descent group formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mother and father equally Bilateral Kindred- kinship group that consists of the relatives of one person or group of siblings Unilateral Descent- the principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother onlyLineage- the links to a common, known ancestry through which descent groups imagine themselves to be connectedClan - a descent group formed by members who believe that have a common ancestor Patrilineage - a social-group formed by people connected by father-child links (examples from Turner: Tallensi, Nuer on Matrilineage, and the Ashanti)Lecture 13 (February 27th)Why are lineages important?They define political (determines territorial and material rights) and social (who we can and cannot marry) rights and responsibilitiesHow are they