ANTH 0780 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. FieldworkII. Who developed fieldwork?A. Bronislaw Malinowski- “father of fieldwork”B. Franz Boas- “father of American Anthropology”III. How has fieldwork changed?IV. PositivismA. Positivism’s limitsV. Interpretive AnthropologyVI. Reflective perspectiveVII. Impacts of Critiques A. Studying upOutline of Current Lecture I. EthnographyA. Applying it to the reading Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall DownII. Picking a field siteA. 1980s (Reflexive Shift)III. Multisited fieldwork/ethnographyA. Following a group, idea, object, etc. as it travels to and through various locationsB. ExamplesIV. Gaining AccessA. Anthropological Code of EthicsB. Gate KeepersV. Fieldwork methodologyVI. FieldnotesA. Analyze NotesVII. Ethics of Representation in Ethnographic WritingCurrent LectureI. EthnographyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. A book length account that details particular data of an extended period of living closely with a community of individuals (period=fieldwork) (called ethnographic monograph)B. Based on the lives and interactions of real people C. Ethnographies often possess elements that we might associate with a novel D. Stories are included to achieve a larger theoretical aim E. Applying it to the reading Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down1. Made to better understand how knowledge of illness among Hmong and Western medical practitioners differ and to understand how these competing knowledges complicate medical treatmentII. Picking a field siteA. Pick topics that are interesting to them and read newspapers, speak with friends, from personalB. Travels to other countries– Research this topic or place in libraryC. Determine which questions have or have not been explored, refining questionD. 1980s (Reflexive Shift)1. Further Opening of fieldwork sites2. Anthropologists work in “traditional” (e.g., Africa, PNG, India, etc.) and “non-traditional” (e.g., Europe, US, institutions, etc.)3. Examples of “non-traditional” field sites:a. On-line gaming community Second Life (Boellstorff 2008)b. Homeless community in NYC (Passaro 1997)c. Wall Street Financiers (Ho 2009) and Japanese Stock MarketE. Although anthropologists currently pick their field site, some important continuities withearlier adviser system remainF. Generally focus on bounded community that recognizes itself as such a Village, Church, Non-Governmental Office, other business group, student body, refugee camp, etc.III. Multisited fieldwork/ethnographyA. Following a group, idea, object, etc. as it travels to and through various locationsB. Examples:1. Refugees or migrants as they travel across state borders or return home 2. Moving between locations where a particular group has different meanings (e.g., diasporic groups) 3. Considering the way an object takes up meaning in different contexts (e.g. work with an artist and then follow the art into the context of a gallery or home) C. Going to the fieldD. Who do anthropologists work with once they’re in the field?1. Interlocutors2. People with whom an anthropologist maintains relationships with in order to learn about a particular culture3. Refers to the process of speech– or locution—between anthropologists and the people with whom they work4. Sometimes interlocutors called informants5. Informants suggests that information travels one direction, from cultural informant to anthropologist, ignoring the dynamic nature of anthropological exchangesIV. Gaining AccessA. Anthropological Code of Ethics– Generally demands no deceit on part of the anthropologistB. Trying to establish long term relationships based on trustC. Learning through differenceD. Finally accessing community is often through gaining the trust of community “Gate Keepers”E. Gate Keepers: People who have access to great deal of information or can help us navigate our research more effectivelyF. Examples include: church leaders, community organizers, business heads, tribal elders, etc.V. Fieldwork methodologyA. Participant observation 1. Participate in everyday life and observe everything going on around us 2. Clifford Geertz called this “Deep Hanging Out” B. Interviews– Unguided life histories– Informal interviews– Interviews about kinship C. Administer surveys D. Participate in and design focus groups VI. FieldnotesA. Notes in which we record our daily experience in the field B. Generally jotted down in notebook during the course of the day and recorded in a more formal way (e.g, written- up in a more “narrative” way in a notebook or computer file) C. Cameras, tape-recordersD. Analyze Notes– A process of coding notes to determine what type of information is available1. Example categories: weddings, sports, religious festivalsE. Usually involves a lot of narrative writing (i.e., describing what happened)F. Process of writing helps people determine what they think about what they knowVII. Ethics of Representation in Ethnographic WritingA. Anthropologists generally try to make their interlocutors anonymous in ethnographiesB. Also protect interlocutors in case of criminal or deviant behaviorC. To protect anonymity anthropologists use: – Pseudonyms– Composite representationsD. Anthropological texts are peer reviewed by other anthropological experts of a particular geographical or topical areaE. Based on how well this resonates with what they know from many years of working in the same or similar